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1.Counting; marking: aka mark (Si.); an:ka curved line, mark, sign (R.); mark, brand (Pali); o~_kh mark (K.); a~_k mark, spot (H.); digit (Ku.Aw.G.Konkan.i); mark, sign (M.); an:gu numerical figure, mark (S.); an:g (L.P.); a~_ko notch (G.)(CDIAL 100). akkam a numerical figure (?Ma. ?< eka (Skt.); ekat. (ekac-) to count (kat..- to tie); eku.t. (eku.c-) to count (ku.t.- to make to join, gather); ekmu.r. (ek.muc-) to count (Ko.); ekm (obl. ekt-) counting, taking account of something; km (obl. kt-) arithmetic, account, figures (To.); ekkam the unit of numeration, first place in ciphering (Tu.); ekkamu a unit, the place of units, a multiplication table (Te.) (DEDR 769). One: e_ka one (RV.Pali.); e_kaka single (Pali); eka, ika one (As'.); eka, ega (NiDoc.); e_ga, egga (Pkt.); e_a, iga, igga (Pkt.); a one, a; ac one (Ash.); ew (Kt.); ew (Wg.); ipu_n (Pr.); e_, i_ one, alone (Pr.); i one (Kho.); e_ one, a (Tor.); yeut.a_ one (N.); et.a_ (A.); e one, only (Or.); ekka, ikka one (Pkt.); ak, yek (Gypsy); ek, eka (D..); ek (Dm.); i_k (Tir.); ye_kat.ik single (Pas'.); yek one (Shum.); yekat.uk single (Shum.); yak, yok one (Gaw.); ek (Kal.); ak, akh one, a; a dand one tooth (Bshk.); e_k one (Tor. Kand.); ak (Mai.); yak, ek (Sv.); a_k one (Phal.); a_ a (Phal.); e_k one (Sh.); ekh alone (Sh.); ye_k^u (OK.); akh (with obl. cases, e.g. akis, from ok^u only one, single); ik, yakh, akh, ikk (K.); eku one; heko unique (S.); hekk, hikk (L.); ikk one (P.); ikka_, hekka_, hikka_ single; ik (P.); ak, yak, ekk (WPah.); ek (Ku.N.A.B.); eka one (Or.); eka_ alone (Or.); ek (Mth.); ego (Bhoj.); e_k (Aw.); ek one; ikka_ alone (H.); ek, eko (G.); ek (M.); eka one (Si.)(CDIAL 2462). ekata together, assembled (Or.); e_katra in one place (Ya_j.); ekkatta id. (Pkt.); ikattar being together or on one side (P.) (CDIAL 2468). ekatu united; ekatuva aggregate, total (Si.); e_katva oneness, unity (Ka_tyS'r.)(CDIAL 2470). yeut.a_ one (N.); e_kavr.t simple (AV.)(CDIAL 2477). okut, okti one thing; ok one (Pa.); ukut., okut. one woman or thing (Ga.); o_ko_, o_ko_re_ one each (Go.); onghon once (Kur.); okka together (Ta.Ma.); oka one (adj.), single; oka~d.u, oko~d.u one man (Te.); okata, okati, okatuka, okate one woman; okat.i, okot.i one thing (Te.); okkon one man (Kol.Nk.); or..gu, oggu, orgu assemblage (Ka.); oggad.a oneness, concord (Tu.); orukka for each (Ta.)(DEDR 990). ae_va one (Av.); ew one (Kt.Wg.)(CDIAL 2525). aikya oneness (MBh.); yeka oneness, unanimity, ace (K.); eko figure one, unanimity (S.); e_ka_ union (L.); ekka_ unity, union, agreement (P.); eka_ (N.Aw.H.); ekko (G.); eka_ (M.)(CDIAL 2533). yek pa_ut.i adv. at one day, once; yekats phara at once; yek one; yeklo an individual (Kon.lex.) or adj. form of the numeral one added to nouns, e.g. orpottu one tie; or kenni one side of the head (Tu.lex.) Only son: e_kkalla alone (Pkt.); ikalla id. (L.)(CDIAL 2506); iklautta_ only begotten, only son (P.); eklauta_ id. (H.)(CDIAL 2507). Image: single line: e_ka_vali, e_ka_val.i, ekka_val.i a single line (Ka.); a single string of pearls (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) cf. di_pa_val.i a row of lamps or lights (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Mark, brand; counting: a~ka_r mark, spot (H.); a~ga_ran.u to sketch out before engraving or painting (S.)(CDIAL 101). an:kita marked, branded (Pali); am.kia (Pkt.); a~ki_ numbered, marked (M.)(CDIAL 106). kan.akku account, calculation, arithmetic, account book, manner, way (Ta.); account, computation, manner, way (Ma.); kan.akkan- accountant (Ta.); kan.akkan id. (Ma.); kan:k calculation, records (government), historical account (Ko.); kon:k calculation, arithmetic (To.)(DBIA 69). [kan. + akkam = counting on the (12) joints of the fingers; cf. gana-kay wrist (Go.); kan.u-k-kai (Ta.); kan.u knuckle (Ta.)(DEDR 1160).] gan.aka astrologer (VS.); gan.aya, gan.iya id. (Pkt.); gan.i~_u (G.)(CDIAL 3989). gan.ana counting (Pa_n..As'.Si.); gan.ana_ (MBh.Pali); gan.an.a (Pkt.)(CDIAL 3992). gan.ayati counts (MBh.); gan.e_ti counts, takes notice of (Pali); gan.i_yati is counted (As'.); gan.e_i, gan.ai counts (Pkt.); gan. to count, read (Ash.Wg.Pas'.); gan.an. (L.); gan.n.o~_ (WPah.); gan.n.o (K.); gan.an.u (S.); gannu (N.); gan.iba (A.); gan.a_ to count (B.); gan.iba_ (Or.); ganab (Mth.Aw.); ganal (Bhoj.); gan.vu~ (G.); gan.vu~ (G.); gan.n.e~ (M.); gan.inava_ (Si.); gen, gin (Gy.); gi~r (Bashg.); gin.an. (L.); gin.n.a_ (P.); ginab (Bi.); ginna_ (H.)(CDIAL 3993). gan.ita counted (MBh.); gan.iya (Pkt.); gin.uva_ (OSi.)(CDIAL 3996). ganna counting (Pkt.); ga_u (S.)(CDIAL 4120). grand counting (K.); ganti (N.); ganti_ (H.)(CDIAL 4234).

463.Soap-pod: ci_-kka_y, ci_ya-kkka_y, cikai-kka_y soap-pod wattle, acacia concinna (Pata_rtta. 721)(Ta.lex.) ci_kka-kka_yi, ci_ya-kka_yi mimosa abstergens (the fruit serves for cleansing the hair after bathing)(Ma.); si.x acacia dealbata and melanoxylon (two Australian species, much planted in the Nilgiris)(To.); si_ge a climbing prickly shrub, the pods of which are used like soap for washing the hair, etc., acacia concinna (the soap-nut tree is often called si_ge, but not correctly; it is an.t.ava_l.a etc. (Ka.); si_g, si_ge-ka_yi pods of mimosa abstergens reduced to fine powder and used as soap for cleansing, soap-nut (Tu.); si_-ka_ya acacia concinna; ci_kire_nu (Te.); ci_kire_n.i a certain medicinal tree, the leaves of which are ground and used as a soap (Te.); si_ko soap-nut tree; si_li mra_nu id. (Kond.a)(DEDR 2607a). Acacia concinna: ban-ritha (B.); shika (M.); ritha (H.); saptala (Skt.); shikai (Ta.); shikaya (Te.); pods: aperitif, expectorant, emetic; leaves: cathartic, in biliousness; saponin; tropical jungles throughout India, especially in the Deccan (GIMP, p.2). According to Kirtikar and Basu, the soft parts of the dried berries of acacia concinna contain 5 percent saponin... used by Indians for washing the head. (Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, p.362). an.t.ava_l.a, an.t.aral.e, an.t.a_l.a, an.t.va_l.a, antaral.e, antuva_l.a, arat.a_l.a, arad.a_l.a, arit.a_l.a, arut.a_l.a, arit.a_l.a, arita_l.a, aris.t.a soap-nut tree, sapindus trifoliatus; phe_nila, nidigdhike, kan.t.aka_rike, ba_rhata, spr.ti, ks.udre (Ka.); an.t.aral.eka_yiburugu lather made of the soap-nut (Ka.lex.) aris.t.a soap-nut tree (Ya_j.); aris.t.aka (Mn.); arit.t.ha, arit.t.haka (Pali); arit.t.ha a partic. kind of tree; rit.t.ha soap-nut (Pkt.); hari_t.t.ha_, hari_t.ha_, re_t.ha_ (L.); ri_t.t.ha_, ri_t.ha_, ret.ha_ soap-nut tree, sapindus detergens (P.); rit.ho the tree; rit.h the berry (Ku.); rit.t.ho, rit.ho sapindus mukerossi (N.); ha_it.ha_ soap-nut (A.); rit.ha_ (B.Or.); it.ha_phal.a (Or.); harit.h, rit.t.hi_ (Mth.); ri_t.ha_ (Bhoj.); the tree sapindus detergens or saponaria, its berry (H.); ri_t.h, ari_t.ho, ari_t.hi_ the tree sapindus saponaria; ri_t.h, ari_t.hu~ its berry (G.); rit.ha_, rit.hi_ soap-nut (M.); rit.i the Upas tree, antiaris innoxia (Si.)(CDIAL 610). a_ri_t.ho the tree sapindus saponaria (S.)(CDIAL 1320). arit.am, ari_t.am < aris.t.a black hellebore, kat.ukuro_kan.i (Malai.; Pata_rtta. 991)(Ta.lex.) cf. kat.uro_kin.i christmas rose, herb, helleforus niger; kat.uro_n.i (Can.. Aka.)(Ta.lex.)

74.Red-flowering tree: a_gha_t.a the plant achyranthes aspera; a_ghat.t.aka a red-flowering achyranthes (Skt.); apa_ma_rga (AV.); aggha_d.a, aggha_d.aga achyranthes aspera (Pkt.); agha_r.a_, aga_r.a_ (said to cure snake-bite)(H.); a_gha_r.o, agher.o, a~gher.o (G.); a_gha_d.a, agha_d., aghed.a_, a_gd.a_ (M.); a_gha_d.o (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 1056). kat.ala_t.i achyranthes aspera (Ta.Ma.)(DEDR 1119). agha_d.a_, aghed.a_ achranthis aspera (M.); a_gha_d.o, a_ghed.o (G.); agha_d.a (H.); aggha_d.a (OM.); a_gha_t.a (Skt.)(Bloch, p. 296).

502.Mushroom: al.a~be~, al.abhe~ mushroom, toadstool, agaricus campestris (M.); a_lam.ba a sort of mushroom growing in the Rains (Pkt.)(CDIAL 1365). a_mpi, ampi common mushroom (Ta.); al.a_mbu a variety of mushroom (Ma.); an.abe, an.ambe, al.ambe, a_l.ambe mushroom (Ka.); la_mbu, na_mbu mushroom, toadstool, fungus (Tu.); alambu, al.ambu mushroom (Tu.); armbi id. (Kor.)(DEDR 300).

260.Ageratum conyzoides: appa-kkot.i a common weed, ageratum conyzoides (kot.i = creeper)(Ta.); appa a common weed, ageratum; ceanothus caerulea (Ma.)(DEDR 154).

291.Image: alligator: ambu-kira_ta an alligator; ambu-kan.t.aka the short-nosed alligator; ambu-ki_s'a, ambu-ku_rma a porpoise (Ka.lex.)

459.Image: amazement: aral., aral.a, aralu amazement, perplexity (Ka.); aral.u to be amazed (Ta.)(Ka.lex.)

131.Image: anvil: at.aikal anvil (Kampara_. Pa_ca. 33); stone base (Ci. Ci. Para. Pa_cara_. Mar-u. 11)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) ad.igal, da_d.auntso anvil (Kon.lex.) adgan.i, addagan.i an anvil, especially one of goldsmiths (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) at.ai prop, slight support (Ta.); at.a-kkallu anvil of goldsmiths (Ma.); ar. gal small anvil (Ko.); ad.e, ad.a, ad.i the piece of wood on which the five artisans put the article on which they happen to operate upon, a support; ad.egal, ad.agallu, ad.igallu anvil (Ka.); at.t. a support, stand (Tu.); d.a_-kali, d.a_-kallu, da_-kali, da_-gali, da_yi anvil (Te.)(DEDR 86). ad.d.i_ iron rest for supporting tools in turning (L.); ad.a_v the wooden beam supporting a log when being sawn (K.); ad.an.u to build (S.); ad.d.o support for a log being sawn (WPah.); a_r.o support, bolt of a door (Ku.); ad.aya prop, stopper (Si.)(CDIAL 188). at.ai-kur-at.u anvil (Pin..)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Image: tongs: at.ai-kur-at.u tongs (W.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

199.Chervil: Anthriscus cerefolium: atrila (Indian Bazaars); diuretic, stomachic; essential oil, glucoid apiin; an annual herb native of Europe, suited to the higher elevations of the tropic (GIMP, p.21). Anthriscus cerefolium : [(Modern Egyptian Arabic (probably) baqdu_nis afrangi (French parsley)]. "The umbelliferous chervil is native to the Middle East. In France it is a much-flavoured culinary herb, and in Scandinavia a soup is made from it. In medicine t is taken internally to cleanse the blood, or it is applied as a soothing poultice and as skin lotion. Evidence of the herb in Egypt is scarce, but it certainly was part of the ancient flora, for a basket of its seeds was included in the burial equipment of Tutankhamum (1567-1320 BC)."(Lise Manniche, An Ancient Egyptian Herbal, British Museum Publications Ltd., p.75).

303.Image: awl: arara an awl (Skt.lex.) ara, arna a file (Ka.); ara (Tu.Ta.Ma.) (Ka.lex.) Grinding, polishing, sharpening: aram file, rasp (Ta.); ara_vu (ara_vi-), ira_vu (ira_vi-) to file, polish, rub, grate (Ta.); aram file (Ma.); ira_vuka, ra_kuka to file (Ma.); arm (obl. art-) file (Ko.); ara, arna id. (Ka.); ara id. (Tu.)(DEDR 228). To roughen a millstone: ra_hn.a_ to roughen a millstone (P.); ra_har.n.a_ to perfect, mature, excite, bake (bread)(P.); ra_hna_ to roughen a millstone (H.)(CDIAL 10701). ragar.n.a_ to rub (P.); ragar.n.o (Ku.); ragar.anu to rub, work overtime (N.); ragar.a_na to rub (B.); ragad.n.e~ to rub (M.)(CDIAL 10588). ra_ga (ra_gi-) to be rubbed, worn by friction, be chafed; n. friction, abrasion, attrition (Kui); ra_pka ( < ra_k-p-; ra_kt-) to cause to rub together, wear by friction (Kui); re_sa to rub, chafe; n. act of rubbing (Kui); ra_ca tuh'nai/mlekh'nai to rub (Kuwi); ra_k- to rub (Kuwi); arO- (arOy-) to sharpen (To.); ari to grind on a slab (Ka.); ara- (arap-, arat-) to grind with roller stone, mix up in a paste in preparing curry spices (Kod..); arad.uni to rub (Tu.); ra_yu to be rubbed (Te.); ra_cu, r-a_cu to rub, grind, smear (Te.); ra_p-a_d.u to rub against each other (Te.); ra_pid.i, ra_pu rubbing, friction, filing (Te.); ra_-pod.i filings (Te.); a_ku-ra_yi file (a_ku leaf, filament)(Te.); araippu grinding, pulverizing (Ta.); ragulu, ravulu to be kindled, take fire, burn, flame (Te..); ra~_ju id., (smoke) comes out as an indication of the forming of fire, grieve (Te.); aravaralu, ar-avar-alu bits, fragments (Te.); aravud.u a bit, fragmment (Te.); ra_k to rub teeth, wash (Kol.); ra_y to rub (Go.); ra_spis to plate (metals)(Kond.a)(DEDR 228). ar-ai rock, ledge, grinding stone (Ta.); ar flat rock (Ko.); ar- id. (To.); ar-e stone, rock, slab; ra_yi stone (Ka.); r-a_yi, ra_yi (stem r-a_-, ra_-) stone, rock; r-appa a small stone (Te.)(DEDR 321). ora testing on a touchstone (Te.); ora-gallu touchstone (Te.); oochana carpenter's plane (Go.); ru_ga to be smooth (Kui); ru_sa to crush, grind (Kui); ura--kallu, uravu-kallu touchstone (Ma.); orj to rub (Ko.); uj to rub, file, sharpen (Ko.); urai test on the touchstone; n. rubbing, friction, attrition; fineness of gold or silver as tested on the touchstone (Ta.); urai-kal touchstone (Ta.); urekka polish, grind, assay metal (Ma.); ore-gal touchstone (Ka.); ore-kallu id. (Tu.); orakalu, vorakala touchstone (M.)(DEDR 665). Image: turner's point for hollowing with: rachi_ turner's point for hollowing with (S.); racch tools, implements (L.); racch that part of loom to which web is attached and along which shuttle plays (P.); rachu treddles of a loom, fish net, vessel or utensil for holding or cooking food etc. (S.); ra_ch instrument, implement, apparatus, weaver's toothed instrument (H.); ra_c tools, implements, furniture, materials (G.); rathya pertaining to a chariot (RV.); collection of chariots (Pa_n..); chariot with its team or equipment (RV.); rathaka_ra chariot-builder, carpenter (Skt.); rahaa_ra id. (Pkt.); radhe'aro shoemaker (Dhp.)(CDIAL 10607). re~ples tongs (Lith.); rapas (demon of) injury (RV.)(CDIAL 10607). Barber's case of tools: richa_han., raccha_n.i_, richa_hn.i_ barber's case of tools (L.); racha_n.i_ (P.)(CDIAL 10608). ram.pa knife (Pkt.); rambo chisel, grass-scraper; rambi_ small chisel (S.); ramba_ spud, chisel (L.); ramma~_ hoe (L.); ramba_ hoe, flat trowel; rambi_ small grass-scraper, cobbler's knife (P.); ra_mpa a scratch; ra_mpi mason's plane, wooden trowel or scraper (Or.); ra~_pi_, ra_pi_ leather-scraper (Bi.); ra~_pi_ (H.); ra~_p, ra~_pr.i_ hoe, weeding plough; ra~_pi_ cobbler's tool (G.); ra~_pa_, ra~_pi_ chisel (M.); ra~_bho chisel (N.); ra~_bho, ra_bho digging tool (G.)(CDIAL 10629). rampai, rappai scrapes (Pkt.); ra_mpiba_ to scratch (Or.); ram.phai scrapes (Pkt.); ra~_pvu~ to set (plants) in a row (G.); ram.bhai scrapes (Pkt.)(CDIAL 10630). Image: granule; little lump: rayu~_ pl. rice pounded to small pieces (S.); rava_ small bit of gold or crystal etc. (P.); rawa_ grain (of sand, dust etc.), filing, little lump (H.); ravo granule, particle of gold or silver etc., granulous wheaten flour (G.); rava_, ravka_ grain, little lump (M.)(CDIAL 10642).

399.Banana: aran.t.i, ara~_t.i, arat.i, anan.t.i, ana~_t.i, an.t.i plantain tree, banana tree (Te.); arti, art.i banana (Go.)(DEDR 205).

150.Bark: atal. bark, marappat.t.ai (ve_n:kai-y-atal. : Tailava.); skin (Perumpa_n.. 151); atal.pun-ai-y-aran.am glove used in warfare (Cilap. 14,170)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) sa_l, sa_li bark (of trees)(Kon.lex.) cf. chal bark of tree (Santali.lex.) cf. ca_likan- a caste of weavers (Ta.)(DEDR 2475).

275.Commander: amaram command of one thousand soldiers (Ta.lex.) camara-ke_cari a great warrior, as lion in battle (S.I.I. v. 233); camaran:kam a battle-field, arena; camara-pun:kavan- lit., bull in battle; camaram battle, fight (Cilap. 26,238); camari Durga_, as the goddess of war; camar war, battle, fight; camarttal to fight, make war (Vina_yakapu. 74,249)(Ta.lex.) amare_s'vara name of a place in Kashmir (Skt.); omburhe_r name of a village, 4 miles north of S'ri_nagar (K.)(CDIAL 557). cf. amar ~~ samara war, battle; field of battle (Pu. Ve. 8,5); rage, fury, crisis, as of a disease, violence or paroxysm, as of fever; amarttal to be at strife (Kur-al., 1084); amar wall round a fort; amarkkal.am field of battle (Iraku. Tikku. 172) confused noise, stir, bustle, as at a marriage feast; amar-kot.uttal to fight, wage war against (Upate_caka_, Cu_ra_ti. 22); amarttan- (< a-samartha) incapable person; amarakka_ran- military retainer of a chief; commander of a thousand foot-soldiers; amarakam field of battle (Kur-al., 814); amara_r foes, as not agreeing (Tacaiva_. 8); amarar foes, enemies; immortals, de_vas < amara (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) amitra enemy (RV.); amitta (Pali.Pkt.); amitro~ (Kt.); amitra (Kal.)(CDIAL 566). sam.ha_r bringing together (MBh.); destruction (Mn.); abridgement (Pali); destruction (Pkt.); sam.gha_ra id. (Pkt.); sa~gha_r (P.N.H.); san.a_r ruin, slaughter (N.); sam.gha_rau destruction (OG.)(CDIAL 13063). sam.ha_rayati draws together (RV.); annihilates (Up.); a-sam.ha_riya indestructible (Pali); sam.gha_ria struck, killed (Pkt.); sa~gha_rn.a_ to destroy (P.); sam.gha_rai kills (OAw.); sa~ha_rn.a_, sa~gha_rna_ to destroy, kill (H.); sa~ha_rn.e~ to destroy (M.)(CDIAL 13064). amaro_r immortals (Tiruppu. 518); amarpati Indra, as lord of gods; amararpati Svarga, as the abode of gods; amara_pati < amara_vati name of Indra's capital (Ci_vaka. 2335); amara_paran.an- warrior, one who regards warfare as his decoration (Nan-. Cirappup.); amari Durga_, as a war goddess; ambrosia, as food of gods (Ce_tupu. Katturu. 28); amariyo_n- warrior (Kantapu. Ka_vala_. 15); amarulakam Svarga (Tiv. Periyati. 2,2,10); amare_can- Indra (Kantapu. Teyva. 19); Jupiter, as preceptor of gods (Vita_n-a. Kun.a_. 37)(Ta.lex.) amara immortal (S'Br.Pali.Pkt.); a god (MBh.); muru a god, immortal (Si.)(CDIAL 556). amr.ta immortal; nectar (RV.); mata (Pali.NiDoc.); amaya, amiya, amuya nectar (Pkt.); ama_va (Si.); amiya_ very sweet (A.); amia sweet (Or.); ami_ nectar (G.)(CDIAL 571). amara undying, immortal; a god (Ka.lex.) amarar immortals, de_vas, va_n-o_r (Tol. Po. 146); cf. amaram land or revenue granted in ancient times by a chief to his retainers for military service (I.M.P.Ct. 344); amaramu id. (Te.); amaram command of one thousand foot-soldiers (Ta.)(W.); hence, amarar may be such military servicemen granted land (Ta.lex.)

60.Euphonic augment: akku part. an euphonic augment; oru ca_riyai (Tol. Er..ut. 119)(Ta.lex.) akku, akkum. it will become; it becomes; it is; its meanings are to be taken from agu = to become manifest (Ka.lex.) agu to become (Ka.); agu, avu (Te.); agu a very rare form of a_gu (Ka.lex.) a_gu to become manifest (Ka.lex.) cf. a_ka adverbial suffix; a_kku to effect, make (Ta.)(DEDR 333). ika, acika, arika permissive or causative affix: senikaime let him go; send him (Mu.); a_kka to cause (Ta.)(Mu.lex.) have, ve adv. indeed (Pali.lex.) an:ga part. vocative, just,only, also, indeed (RV. i.118.3; RV. x.129.7)(Vedic.lex.) hoti become, be (Pali.lex.) �bhu_ become (Skt.); boiki to become, ho_nu to be (Sh.); bik, bo_m 1 sg. pres. to become; hoi, oi 3 sg. pret. (< abhavat)(Kho.); ba_r 3 sg.pres. subj. (bhava_ti) (Kho.); bowun to become; bho_n.o_ (K.); huan.u to be (S.); ho- to become, be; (h)a~ 1 sg. pres., (h)e_ 3 sg., (h)in 3 pl. (L.); hon.a_ to be; haun.a_, hunda_ pres. part. (P.); hu_, huwant 1 sg. pres. (Bshk.); ho_ 2 sg. imper. be, become (Tor.); ho_-, hu_ (Mai.); h-, hinu 3 sg. pres. (Phal.); bhava origin, birth (Ya_j.); bhavati becomes, is (RV.); bhavati, ho_ti (Pali); bhavati, bhoti, hoti (As'.); bhavati, hoati, huati, uhati (NiDoc.); bhavadi, bhodi (Dhp.); bhavai, bhavae_ is got; ho_i is; huai (Pkt.); hom 1 sg., uv-, ov-, ho_r he is; ho_ri it is possible (Gypsy); huina, ho- to become, be (D..); bo_m I am (Ash.); b-, 2 sg. imper. bu_ to become (Wg.); bum 1 sg. fut., bi_m 1 sg. pres. (Dm.); ha_m, i_m, yam (Pas'.); bo- to become (Shum.); wo_-, au wo_n 1 sg. pres. (< bhavant) (Wot..); b-, bo_ 2 sg. imper., bima 1 sg. fut. (Gaw.); ha_w- to become; him 1 sg. pres. (Kal.); bho_n.u_ to become; bho_n., bhu_n.a_, hu_n.a_ (WPah.); hun.o to be (Ku.); hunu, ho 3 sg. pres. (negative hoina)(N.); ha_ba (A.); haoya_ (B.); heba_ (Or.); hoeb (Bi.Mth.); hoi 3 sg. may be (Aw.); hona_ (H.); hoi (OMarw.); hu_i 3 sg. pres. (OG.); hovu~ (G.); hon.e~ (M.); venava_ (Si.); bhavant pres. part. (Skt.); bhavanta, honta (Pali); hom.ta (Pkt.); genitive affix -hond^u, -sond^u ( < -as hond^u)(K.)(CDIAL 9416). ho~d existence (P.); ho~t wealth (H.)(CDIAL 9419). bhavita been (Skt.); bhavia (Pkt.); bhayo, bhyo (Ku.); bhayo (N.); bhaeu (OAw.); bhaya_ (Brj.); bhayo (as interj. 'enough!')(G.); bhaila (Pkt.); bhel he became (Mth.); bhayal finished (Bhoj.)(CDIAL 9420).

417.Image: beauty: ari beauty; arivai woman between the age of 20 and 25, woman, lady (Ta.); aruva fine woman (Ma.); aragin.i a neat or tidy woman (?Tu.)(DEDR 217).

453.Mountain ebony: a_r, a_rcci, a_rtti, a_tti common mountain ebony, bauhinia racemosa (Ta.); a_lu ebony (Skt.); kuda_ra, kuda_la, kudda_la mountain ebony (Skt.); ka_t.arti (Tu.); ka_t.t.a-a_tti mountain ebony; a_ ebony (Ta.); ka_t.arti bauhinia tomentosa (Tu.)(DEDR 372). Bauhinia racemosa: svetakanchan (Skt.); kachnal (H.); banraj (B.); wanurajah (M.); kosundra (P.); arikka (Ta.); pachare (Te.); kotapuli (Ma.); gum: used medicinally; decoction of leaves: in headache and malaria; bark: astringent, in diarrhoea and dysentery; habitat: throughout India (GIMP, p. 35). a_r common mountain ebony (Tol. Er..ut. 363); axle-tree (Ja_n-a_. 7,15)(Ta.lex.)

21.Images: symmetry, beauty: an:kam symmetry, beauty (Ta.); an:gu beauty (Te.)(DEDR 30).

58.Image: beads: ha_s (pl. -ku) necklace, beads (Pe.); ha_c (pl. -ke) id. (Mand..)(DEDR 2434). Beads: akku-vat.am string of shell beads for the neck or waist (Tiv. Periya_r... 1,7,2); akku rudra_ks.a bead (Tiruva_n-aik. Ko_ccen..); chank bead or ring (Tirukko_. 376); akku cowry (Can.. Aka.)(T.E.D.)

154.Ball of pulp: atal.ai ball made of the pulp of tamarind fruit (W.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

42.Axle: aks.a axle (RV.); akkha axle (Pali); akha axle-tree (Or.); akhaut axle of grain-husker (Bi.); akhauta_ axle of brick-crusher (Bi.); a~_k axle (G.); a_s, a~_s axle (M.); a~_s axis (G.); a~_kh axle (G.); aka axle (Si.)(CDIAL 21). Image: wheel; axle: aks.a a wheel; the axle of a wheel (Ka.Skt.); akka, accu id. (Ka.); a car, cart (Ka.); aks.a_gra the end of an axle; a linch-pin; an.i id. (Ka.lex.) accu, acca the state of being firmly pressed, firmness; accu-go_lu a pin inserted in a mill-stone to turn (Ka.lex.) acca_n.i linch-pin (urul. perun te_rkkacca_n.i yan-n-a_r ut.aittu : Kur-al., 667)(Ta.); accu axle (Kur-al., 667); axle-bolt; central pin or handle of a mill-stone; support, basis (Val.l.uvama_. 21); accuruva_n.i < acu + uruvu + (five + tighten, penetrate + pin) central bolt of a car; acculakkai < aks.a + ulakkai axle of a well-sweep (Ta.lex.)

106.Axe: asu axe (Gutob.); suron (Parengi.); enjum-en (Sora.); ar.isia big axe (Juang.)(Sora.lex.) sigi to cut deeply with axe (Santali.lex.) asi sword (RV.); sword, large knife (Pali); sword (Pkt.); asiya sickle (Pkt.); asi_, assi_ sword (H.)(CDIAL 969). paras'u axe (RV. i.127.3); pelexus (Gk.); paras'u-pha_n.t.a the decoction which has been heated by a heated blade of an axe (Kaus'. xxxvi.27); paras'u-pala_s'a the blade of an axe (Kaus'. xlvii.25); paras'u-mant having an axe (RV. viii.73.17)(Vedic.lex.) [Is this a cmpd. of paras' 'more' and am.s'a 'a tiny part or share'?]

36.Image: syllable inserted in the combination of words: a_gamam augment, letter or syllable inserted in the combination of two words or two parts of a word (Vi_raco_. Canti. 13)(Ta.lex.)

180.Image: to solicit, request: ad.ugu to ask, question, beg, solicit, request, demand (Te.); ad.- to ask, request (Pa.); ja_pa (ja_t-) to request a favour, beg, ask, borrow, pray; n. request, entreaty, act of begging (Kui);[For *t. : j]; al.avu to inquire after one's health (Ta.); nat.t.u begging, beggarly (Tu.); nat.t.a_ a loan, lending (Tu.)(DEDR 81). aroj, arja arji to request (Santali.lex.) arj < arz (Arabic) a petition, request; arj maru_j request, petition (P.lex.)

295.Image: arrow: ampu arrow (Ci_vaka. 2286); id. (Ma.); ambu id. (Te.Ka.Tu.); ampu bamboo; ampu-k-kat.t.u sheaf of arrows; ampu-k-kutai pointed end of an arrow; ampu-k-kuppi, ampu-k-kur..aiccu arrow-head; ampu-k-ku_t.u quiver (Ta.lex.) ambu an arrow (Ka.); ampe, ambaka, ambu (Te.); aye to send; to let go, leave (Ma.); acai (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) ampu arrow; appu-kkat.t.u a sheaf of arrows (Ta.); ampu arrow, porcupine quill (Ma.); amb, am arrow, flensing knife (Ko.); ob id. (To.); ambu arrow (Ka.); ambi id. (Kod..); ambu id. (Tu.); ambige hunter (Tu.); ambu, ambakamu, ammu, ampa- (in cpds.) arrow; ampar-a pl. arrows; ampaka~_d.u archer (Te.); amb arrow (Pa.Ga.); am (Kond.a.Pe.); pl. apku id. (Pe.); amb pl. apke id. (Mand..); a_mbu pl. a_pka id., arrowhead; ambu (short a) arrow (Kui); ambu_ pl. apka arrowhead; ambu pl. apka arrow (Kuwi); ambu bow (sic)(Kuwi)(DEDR 178).

35.To come: aga_t has come (RV.); aii, hai pret. of gi_k to come (Kho.)(CDIAL 51). cf. ya_ta gone (RV. )(CDIAL 10451). e_ku to go, pass (Na_lat.i, 15)(Ta.); e_gu id. (Te.); e_ku to walk (Pin..)(Ta.); e_hu (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) a_gama coming near; arrival; approach; a_gantu coming, arriving (Ka.lex.) a_gamana arrival (MBh.Pali); a_aman.a (Pkt.); agamam.nam.mi (NiDoc.)(CDIAL 1046). a_gacchati comes to (RV.Pali); agachati (NiDoc.); a_gacchai, a_acchai (Pkt.); a_c to come (Kt.); ac (Bashg.); a_c (Wg.); to come, go (P.Dm.); oce came (Shum.); antar-achn.u to enter; ech- to come (WPah.); ac (L.); a_s' to come; as' to go (WPah.)(CDIAL 1044). a_ga_t came (Skt.); hai (Kho.)(CDIAL 1047a). a_gata arrived (RV.); a_gaya, a_aa, a_ya, a_a (Pkt.); a_gata (Pali); agata (1st sg. agademi, 3rd pl. agatam.ti) (NiDoc.); a_iya (Ap.); alo he came; a_ra (Gypsy); aya came (Kt.); gyem I came (Dm.); wu_ he came (Tir.); a_yo (Gaw.); a_o (Tor.); a_los I came (Sh.); a_s, 3rd sg. a_v, a_o (K.); a_yo (S.); a_ea_ (L.); a_ia_ (P.); a_, auwo (WPah.); a_yo (Ku.N.); a_ya_ (Aw.H.); a_i_yo (OMarw.); agata (Si. Bra_hmi_ inscr.); a_ in the present (Si.); a_ila came (B.); ayalahu~ I came (OMth.); a_la_ (M.)(CDIAL 1045). ye to come; past a_ilo; pa_u to arrive; eya come [Lat. cia] used in animated appeals; za_ to come up, e.g. plants come up (Kon.lex.)

134.Areca nut: at.aikka_y areca nut (Ta_yu. Cacci. 11); at.akka (Ma.); ad.aka_ya (Te.); ad.ake (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) ad.ake, ad.a, ad.ike areca, the areca palm, areca catechu and its nut, khapura, poga, kramuka, kaungu; ad.akele areca nut and betel leaf; ad.ake-han:gu an obligation of the worth of an areca nut, the least obligation (Ka.lex.)

278.Mattress: amal.i bed, mattress (Ta.); bed (Ma.)(DEDR 165).

436.Bellows: ar.an:ga pl. ar.an:gel bellows (Pa.); ar.n:ga pl. ar.n. id. (Go.)(DEDR 275).

412.Image: to seize; to begin: arambh beginning, effort (P.); a_ra~bh beginning (G.M.); aram.baya, ram.baya (Si.); a_ram.bhai begins (Pkt.); a_rambhn.a_, arambhn.a_ (P.); a_ra~bhn.e~ (M.); a_ra~bhan. beginning (M.); a_rambh beginning (S'Br.); rabhate_ lays hold of (RV.); begins (S'Br.); a_rmbhana seizing (AitBr.); beginning (S'Br.); a_rambha effort (Palki); a_ram.bha beginning (Pkt.); a_ra~bhu (S.); a_rambh, a_ram.bhai (OG.)(CDIAL 1307). a_rampittal to begin, enter upon, undertake (Ja_n-ava_. Pun.n.i. 33)(Ta.lex.) a_rabhate_ seizes (RV.); undertakes, begins (S'Br.); a_rabdha begun (AitBr.); a_rabhya having begun (Skt.); a_rabhati undertakes, begins, sacrifices (i.e. takes and kills)(Pali)(CDIAL 1305).

414.Image: to strike, slap: ar-e to strike, slap, beat; n. a slap, stroke (Ka.); ar-ai to slap, beat; areccal a blow (Ta.); ar-a a blow; ar-ayuka to beat hard, beat drums (Ma.)(DEDR 320).

49.Image: bullock with carries the scavenger's muck: aha_li_ bullock which carries the scavenger's muck (L.); a_hal manure (L.)(CDIAL 1055). cf. pakka_l.i an ox of burden (Ta.lex.) ahali_ the price paid to a shepherd for tethering his sheep or goats in a field during the night in order to manure it. The usual rate per night is one pau ( = 1/4 seer) of wheat per score of sheep or goats; a village scavenger; aha_li_ the bullock which carries the scavenger's muck; ahal manure (P.lex.)

69.Bull; cow; cattle: a_, a_n- female of ox, sambur and buffalo (Tol. Po. 615); bull (Tiruvil.ai. Naripari.19); a_vu female of the ox, sambur and buffalo (Te.Ka.)(Ta.lex.) Image: kine: a_kal., a_kal.a, a_kal.u the plural of a_ cow: cows, kine; a cow (Ka.lex.) a_yan- herdsman; fem. a_ytti (Ta.); a_, a_n cow (Ma.); a_kal., a_kal.a a cow (Ka.); a_yi, a_cci fem. cowherd (Ma.); a.v cow (Ko.); -of suffix in some names of female buffaloes (To.); a_ (pl. a_kal), a_vu cow; a_vu (old pl. a_lu) cow (Te.); atta (pl.) cattle (Kod..); ambi cowdung (Tu.); a~_-do_ka the shape of a cow's tail, a tapering form; a~_basi cow; a~_-bo_tu bull; modavu milch cow (Te.); a_nga gat.anju a herdsman (Kui); o_y cow (Kur.); yu cow, ox (Malt.)(DEDR 334). Herdsmen who are traders: ahi_r, ahiran., ahirn.i_ herdsman, a caste of S'u_dras in Khandesh who are traders (M.); a_bhi_ra name of a people (MBh.); herdsman (Mn.); a_bhi_ri_ (Skt.); a_bhi_ra, a_hi_ra, ahira, a_he_ra (Pkt.); ahi_r a partic. low caste (Ku.); a_hir, a_hi_ri cowherd (B.); a_hira, a_hiri (Or.); ahi_r (Bi.); ahir (Bhoj.Aw.); ahi_r, ahi_ran, ahi_rni_ (H.); a_hi_r, a_hi_rn.i_ pastoral tribe in Kathiavad, herdsman; a_hirr.a~_ pl. herdsmen (spoken of affectionately or contemptuously)(G.); a_yir^u forest hunter (K.)(CDIAL 1232). a_pi_ram street of herdsmen (Cu_t.a_.); a_pi_ra-valli < + palli_ village of herdsmen (Pin..)(Ta.lex.) a_bhi_ra a cowherd; maha_s'u_dra, kud.iyokkaliga;a_bhi_rapalli a station of herdsmen; a_bhi_ri a cowherd's wife (Ka.lex.) Hamlet of cowherds: a_yarpa_t.i hamlet of cowherds (Tiv. Na_yc. 14,2); a_yan- man of the cowherd caste, herdsman (Tol. Po. 21); a_yan id. (Ma.); a_yam herd of cows (Cilap. 17, Uraippa_t.t.umat.ai, 5); a_y the cowherd caste (Ci_vaka. 426); a_yappa_t.i hamlet inhabited by the cowherd caste; a_ykkut.i id. (Ta.lex.) ajar.u flock of goats (S.); eiyur., aiyyar. flock of sheep or goats (L.); ayyar. (P.)(CDIAL 146). ajjar. flock of goats (L.P.); ijjar. (P.); a_jar.i_ shepherd (L.); a_jr.i_ (P.)(CDIAL 163). a_jaka flock of sheep (Skt.)(CDIAL 1089). ajapa_la goatherd (VS.Pali); ayava_la (Pkt.); wa_l shepherd (Gaw.); wal-moc (Kal.); eiya_l shepherd, goatherd (L.); aya_l flock of sheep or goats; aya_li_, ya_li_ shepherd, goatherd (P.); eva_l.iyo shepherd (Marw.)(CDIAL 151). aiwa_ra_ shed for sheep, goats or cattle in jungle (H.)(CDIAL 154). yu_tha flock, band (RV.); yu_thaka (BhP.); yu_tha flock, herd (Pali); ju_ha band, troop (Pkt.); collection (OAw.); ju_h troop (H.); juha_na_ to collect in one place (H.); ju_th crowd of people (WPah.); yuta crowd, herd (Si.)(CDIAL 10516). cf. yu_kam < vyu_ha arrangement or disposition of the forces for fighting, military array; yu_tam battalion, troop (Ta.lex.) ju_i place, station, lay or den of animal (S.); yu_ti in: gavyu_ti movement, place of movement (Skt.); bahiryu_ti placed outside (Skt.)(CDIAL 10515). a_yvai sleeping place (Ta.lex.) a_y name of a liberal chief, one of seven kat.ai-val.l.alkal. (Cir-upa_n.. 99); a_yva_ to bring good luck (Ta.lex.)

252.Elder brother: an.n.an-, an.n.a_cci elder brother; an.n.a_r id. (hon. pl.); an.n.a_ elder brother, father; an.n.a_ttai elder brother (sometimes in contempt); an.n.a_r..vi elder brother or cousin; an.n.i elder brother's wife (Ta.); an.n.an, an.n.a_cci elder brother (Ma.); an. elder brother or male parallel cousin (Ko.); on., on.on. id. (To.); an.n.a, an.a elder brother; respectful address to an older male, affectionate mode of addressing boys; an.n.i affectionate mode of addressing females (Ka.); an.n.e elder brother or male parallel cousin; tamman.e younger brother (Kod..); an.n.e elder brother, maternal uncle, an elderly man (Tu.); anna elder brother; termination of names of men (Te.); anna_k elder brother (Kol.); tanna_l elder brother; tanhar.a_l id. (respectful); tanna_, tanna_l, tannor, tannal id.; anna_l id. (Go.); ana (pl. anen/anar) id.; father's father; anasi elder brother (with reference to 3rd person)(Kond.a); an.n.i_ (Pkt.)(DEDR 131). an.n.u a woman (Ka.); annu id. (Te.)(DEDR 132).

322.Good luck: aya good luck; aya, ayya a respectful way of addressing (Ka.); aye (Te.); aya, aiya (Ta.); aya_ a compellation of respect amongs the lin:ga_yata people (M.); ayno_ru, aygal.u, ayna_r a respectful mode of addressing; ayi, ai a vocative particle implying kindness of address (Ka.Skt.); aye_ a vocative particle expressing surprise, recollection, fatigue, fear, passion (Ka.Skt.); aye_, ayi (especially with regard to females)(Ka.); ayyayyo_, ayyayye_ alas! (Ka.Ma.Ta.Te.); compassion: ah! alas! karun.e (Ka.); aysale_, aysale well done! bravo! noble! (Ka.); aiti_ bravo! (M.)(Ka.lex.) aiyo_ an exclamation of wonder; an exclamation of pity, concern (Ci_vaka. 2622, Urai.); an exclamation expressive of poignant grief (Kantapu. Acure_n. 7)(Ta.lex.) aiya exc. of wonder; exc. of pity, concern; aiyako_ exc. of pity, sorrow; ai wonder, astonishment; aiy-en-al uttering ai expressive of wonder, of distress or mental suffering, of assent; aiyaiyo_ exc. of pity or grief; aiyo_ excl. of wonder; excl. of pity, concern; exc. of poignant grief (Ta.); ayya_ interj. of derision; ayyo_, ayyayyo_ interj. of pain, grief (Ma.); aya. exc. of surprise or grief; aya. ava. excl. of grief (Ko.); eya. exc. of surprise (To.); ayyo_, ayyayyo_, ayyayye_ interj. expr. grief; interj. expr. astonishment; interj. expr. compassion (Ka.); ayyo_, ayyayyo_ interj. of grief, annoyance, pain (Tu.); ayyo, ayyo_, ayyayyo_, ayyayo_, ayayo_ interj. denoting sorrow, lamentation, pity, pain, etc. (Te.); a_ige, a_igo, a_igo_na, a_ike, a_iko, a_iko_na interj. indicating annoyance, impatience, or disgust (Kui); i_yaliyo_, i_yalesa alas! (Kuwi); ayo_, ayo_ ge exc. of pain or surprise (Kur.); aya, ayyi, ayyu O my! (wonder, joy, woe); ay(y)oke, ay(y)okaboke alas! (Malt.); aye exc. of surprise, recollection, fear (esp. used in dramas)(Skt.)(DEDR 196b).

325.Not born: ayan-, acan- < a-ja Brahma_ as not born (Pin..)(Ta.lex.) aja Brahma_; aja-gija Brahma_ and persons like him (Ka.lex.)

510.Image: bowstring: alka bow-string (Pa.); alliya, alle bow-string (Te)(DEDR 259).

476.Olibanum: cf. a_ne-be_la the gum olibanum tree, boswellia serrata, gajabhaks.ye, suvahe; a_nelo_l.isara a kind of aloes (Ka.); a_neo_l.i sara (Tu.)(Ka.lex.) a_lu_kam bael, vilvam (Mu_. A.); cf. ma_lu_ra (Skt.); allu_ram id. (Malai.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

464.Tiger-stopper: i_kai sp. of mimosa; tiger-stopper (Mysore thorn, caesalpinia sepiaria); i_kkai tiger-stopper; sp. of stinking swallow-wort (pentatropis microphylla); i_n:ku sp. of sensitive-tree; tiger-stopper; i_n:kai sp. of sensitive-tree, mimosa rubicaulis; sp. of stinking swallow-wort; i_yai tiger-stopper; sp. of sensitive-tree (Ta.); i_n.n.a mimosa intsia, the bark of which is used in bathing; ica, i_ca, i_a acacia intsia (Ma.); i_n.tu tiger-stopper; in.t.u eight-pinnate soap-pod, acacia instsia caesia; sensitive-plant, mimosa; mimosa rubicaulis; tiger-stopper; in.t.ai eight-pinnate soap-pod; trichotomous-flowering smooth jasmine; tiger-stopper; sp. of sensitive-tree; thorny caper (Ta.); an.t.arike, an.t.irike acacia intsia (Ka.); si_r.i a bush, the leaves of which are used as soap (Kuwi); s'ikeka_i_ a plant, also the pod of it, mimosa abstergens (M.)(DEDR 2607b and 2607c). an.t.arike, an.t.irike a prickly climbing shrub, acacia intsia (Ka.lex.) cf. an.t.ava_l.a, an.t.aral.e, an.t.a_l.a, an.t.va_l.a, antaral.e, antuva_l.a, arat.a_l.a, arad.a_l.a, arit.a_l.a, arita_l.a, aris.t.a the soap-nut tree, sapindus trifoliatus, sapindus detergens; its nuts are used e.g. also in washing woollen cloth; cf. pi_taphe_na (Ka.lex.) sega janum mimosa rubicaulis; kondro janum acacia intsia (Santali.lex.) ot kondro cassia mimossoides (Santali.lex.) Mimosa rubicaulis: shiah-kanta (H.B.); huziru (M.); khinkari (Garhwal); kattusinikka (Ma.); arlu (P.); ingai (Ta.); undra (Te.); leaves: in form of infusion prescribed in piles; bruised and applied to burns; root: in powder form, given when from weakness the patient vomits the food; habitat: throughout India (GIMP, p.167). Acacia intsia = acasia caesia: aila (H.); kondrojanum (Santali); chilari (M.); karijindu (Ta.); kodakorinda (Te.); flowers: used by Santal women in deranged courses; habitat: sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards ascending to 4,000 ft. and found throughout India (GIMP, p.2).

186.Pulse: a_d.haki a kind of pulse, cajanus indicus, tuvari (Ka.); togari (M.) (Ka.lex.)

221.Carallia brachiata: andipuna_ru-nmara an evergreen tree, carallia integerrima (Ka.); an.d.in.a_ru, an.d.ipun.a_ru carallia integerrima (Tu.)(DEDR 128). Carallia brachiata = carallia integerrima: kierpa (B.); panasi (M.); varanga (Ma.); karalli (Te.); kanthekera (A.); fruits: used in the treatment of contagious ulcers; bark: for itch; habitat: eastern Himalayas, Assam, Bengal, Burma, S. India, Andamans (GIMP, p.50).

94.Celery: ajamoda_ apium graveolens (Car. Su. 4.6,45); di_pyaka id. (Car.Ci. 5.69,71, 6.27,38). Apium graveolens: celery seed; epich (Ger.); ache celeri (Fr.); part used: the dried ripe fruit; habitat: southern Europe... celery fruit was shipped from British India also... Uses: stimulant and condiment; as a flavouring agent in salads, soups, sauces, tomato juice, pickles, and in the manufacture of celery salt... which is a mixture of finely ground celery fruit and free-running sodium chloride (tabel salt). (Heber W. Youngken, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Co., 1950, pp. 621-623). Apium graveolens. (Ancient Egyptian m3tt; Coptic mit; Greek teginon; Modern Egyptian Arabic karafs). "Celery grows wild in Africa, Europe and Americas... It was once used as a slimming herb. Celery grows in Egyptian gardens today as it did in pharaonic times, at least towards the end of the New Kingdom (c. 1000 BC). Garlands have been found on mummies from this period, where celery leaves alternated with petals of nymphae caerulea. The plant is frequently mentioned in Egyptian texts. Dioscorides gave the Egyptian name as mith, which through Coptic has been identified with ancient Egyptian m3tt. This is easily confused with the name for parsley, which is called 'mountain celery' (apium petroselinum) ... Celery was used to... stimulate appetite... as a remedy to treat the teeth... a remedy to cool the uterus... as a contraceptive after fumigation with emmer seeds... a large dose of the related apium petroselinum was once thought to be capable of causing abortion (Prospero Alpini)... it was used in a remedy proven good for burns 'in the days of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Amenophis III (f1567-1320 BC).'... a remedy to stop blood in the eye... a remedy for the temples... for a painful stomach." (Lise Manniche, An Ancient Egyptian Herbal, British Museum Publications Ltd., pp.76-77). Apium graveolens: ajamoda (Skt.); ajmud (H.); chanu (B.); randhuni (B.); ajmod (South India); root: given in anasarca and colic, alterative, diuretic; seeds: stimulant, cordial, tonic, an antiseptic, used in bronchitis and for liver and spleen diseases; essential oil, glucoid, apiin; habitat: foot of the NW Himalayas and outlying hills in the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. (GIMP, pp.21-22). Apium petroselinum = petroselinum crispum = petroselinum sativum = carum petroselinum (English parsley); frequently cultivated in India (GIMP, p.189). Apium petroselinum: (Ancient Egyptian m3tt h3st; Coptic gat or ceginh; Greek teginon; Modern Egyptian Arabic baqdu_nis). "The essential oil (of parsley) stimulates the appetite and regulates menstruation... (as mountain celery) it occurs in a few medical prescriptions (in Egyptian texts) for pain in the stomach or to 'contract the urine'." (Lise Manniche, An Ancient Egyptian Herbal, p.78).

128.Chin: at.avari chin (Pe.Mand..)(DEDR 69). kha_d.ki, kha_d.ke chin (Kon.lex.) bador sat.ok projecting chin (Santali.lex.)

384.Image: chequered board: aran:ku place or board chequered with squares for gambling (Kur-al., 401); chequered lines traced on the ground for playing pa_n.t.i (Ta.)(T.E.D.)

360.Chest: aragdi, a_rgli chest of body (Kol.); aragli id. (Nk.); argil id. (Nk.Ga.); arayul, aril, aru_li, ariyul id.; ar.i_l udder (Go.)(DEDR 200).

413.To climb: argna_ (argyas) to climb, mount an animal, rise (as sun, moon, stars), rise in pitch (as a drum), get puffed up, (eyes) are turned up before death; (argas) to make climb, lift, haul up, take upon one's shoulders, lay a burden on, begin, raise, increase; argta'a_na_, arga'a_na_ to make climb, lift up, etc. (Kur.); arge to climb; argtre to lift, raise (Malt.); arumbu to climb (Tu.)(DEDR 231). a_ruhat ascends (RV.); a_ru_d.ha- (MBh.Pkt.); a_ruhati (Pali); a_ruhai (Pkt.); climbs up (OG.); a_ru_l.ha (Pali); a_ru_d.hn.e~, a_rud.hn.e~ to ascend (OM.)(CDIAL 1326). a_ru_d.hi ascent (Skt.); a_ru_d.hiya mounted (Pkt.); aru_r.i_ heap of dirt (S.); aru_r.i_ heap of refuse, dunghill (L.P.)(CDIAL 1328). a_ro_ha ascent, rider (R.); growth, rider (Pali); height, breast, rider (Pkt.); a_ro_haga riding (Pkt.); a_ro_haka rising (Skt.); arohag'a saddle (NiDoc.); aror. brave, heroic (H.); aror.o, aror.u~ tender shoot of a tree, cotton-pod growing on last year's stalk (G.)(CDIAL 1333).a_ro_han.a ascending (S'Br.); adj. arising (Ma_rkP.); ascent (Pali); a_ruhan.a sitting above (Pkt.); auri_ni a stick on which a load is supported when coming downhill (Kho.); arohan mounting, riding (H.); arun.u risen, ascended (Si.)(CDIAL 1334). a_ro_hati mounts (RV.); a_ro_hyati raises (RV.); a_ro_hai climbs, sits on (Pkt.); aurik, awerik to mount, ride (Kho.); a_rohiba_ (Or.); arohna_ (H.); aray having ascended (Si.inscr.); a_ro_pe_ti makes ascend (Pali); aropayata 3rd sg. imperf. mid. raised (KharI.); a_ro_he_i makes mount (Pkt.); aureik to cause to mount (Kho.); aravay having caused to be transcribed (Si.inscr.)(CDIAL 1335). ruh grow, rise (Skt.); growth, sprouting (RV.); s'iro_ruh hair (Skt.)(CDIAL 10795). ruhti mounts, grows (MBh.); -ruhat aor. inj. (RV.); ruhai grows (Pkt.); ruik to grow (of crops, nails, etc.); ru_hati grows, heals (of wound)(Pali); ru_hana_ to mount, rise, climb (H.)(CDIAL 10796). ruyhati grows (Pali); rujjhai grows, is born (Pkt.); rujhn.e~, rujn.e~ to sprout, grow (M.)(CDIAL 10797). ru_d.hi rise, increase (Skt.); ru_l.hi growth, custom (Pali); ru_r.i dunghill (L.); heap of manure outside village (P.); ruri_ heap of threshed rice (P.); ru_r.hi_ growth (H.); ru_d.h prevalence (M.); rur.(h)i plague (N.)(CDIAL 10802).

237.Image: neck; jaw; joint of jaws: an.a jaw, hinder part of jaw (Ma.); an.a-ppallu grinder, double tooth (Ma.); an.al jaw, hinder part of mouth (Ma.); chin, side of the upper jaw, neck, throat, windpipe, beard, dewlap (Ta.); under part of the mouth, the mouth (Ka.); an.ar, an.ari side of the upper jaw (Ta.); an.a_r neck (Ta.); an.n.a_t.i cheekbone (Ma.); an.n.i inside of the cheek, joint of jaws (Ma.); an:g lower cheek (Ko.); an:g val molar teeth (Ko.); ol. molar tooth (To.)(DEDR 114). hanu jaw (RV.Pali.B.); cheek-bone (A.); hanu_ jaw (TS.H.); hanuka_ (VarBr.S.Pali); han.u chin (Pkt.); jaw (Konkan.i); han.uya_ jaw (Pkt.); hunu, unu chin (Kho.); han.u~_, han.n.h molar teeth (L.); han.e_ha~_ jaws (L.); hanua_ disease of the tongue in cattle (Bi.Mth.); han.u_, han.vat.i_, han.vat.l.i_ chin (M.); anu jaw (Si.)(CDIAL 13966). Image: jaw: alaku, alavu jaw, mandibles, bird's beak (Ta.); upper portion of the jaw bone (Ma.); halaku the lower part of the cheek (Ka.)(DEDR 239). Image: throat; jaw: argali throat (Dm.); hargal (Gaw.); orgol jaw (Pas'.)(CDIAL 629).

111.To ride on shoulder: anj- to climb (Ga.Go.); to ride on shoulder (Go.); anjih- to take on the shoulder (Go.)(DEDR 56). coga, coghe to climb up into or on (Santali.lex.)

92.Caterpillar: assgla_r.a_ a caterpillar found on the sa_l-tree leaves (its contact causes swelling and fever)(Kur.); assgalo a caterpillar the touch of whose hair causes painful irritation (Malt.)(DEDR 52).

183.Seed of fruit: an.t.i-kkot.t.ai cashew-nut (Ta.); an.t.i kernel, stone of mango, etc., nut, scrotum (Ma.); ma.nge a.n.d.i mango stone (Kod..); an.d.i kernel of mangoes, etc. (Tu.); at.hu_ mango stone (Kur.); at.i stone or seed of a fruit (Malt.); an.t.hi kernel (Pkt.)(DEDR 126). as.t.i kernel of fruit (BhP.); as.t.hi kernel (Skt.); asthi kernel of fruit (Sus'r.); a~_t.hi_ ke rot.i_ bread of crushed mango stones (Bi.); at.t.hi, at.t.hika stone of fruit (Pali); at.t.hi (Pkt.); o~t.^u (K.); a~_t.hi (B.Or.); a~_t.i (B.); a~_t.hi_ kernel of pip of fruit (H.Bhoj.); a_t.hi_, at.hi_ (M.); at.aya fruit stone, seed (Si.); a~t.hal, at.helo stone of fruit, nut (Ku.); a~_t.hi_l., a~_t.hal., a~_t.holi_ seed stone esp. of jackfruit (M.)(CDIAL 955).

465.Canarium strictum: Distribution: Konkan, W. Ghats of N. Kanara and of Madras Presidency in evergreen forests, upto about 5,000 ft. The gum is used with gingely oil in rheumatic pains. Bengal: kala dammar; Bombay: dhup, gugul; Canarese: halemaddu, karedupa, mandadupa, pandu, raladupa; English: black dammar tree; Gujarat: kala dammar; Hindi: kala dammar; Kadir: kungiliam, tubam, viraka; Malayalam: karuttukungiliam, kungiliam, kunturukkapayam, pantam, telli; Marathi: dhup, raldhup; Sanskrit: mandadhupa, raladhupa; Tamil: attam, karungundurukkam, karunkungiliyam, karuppudamar, karuppukkungiliyam, kundurukkam, kungiliam, kukkil kungulam; Telugu: nallarojanamu. Canarium bengalense: Distribution: Assam, Sylhet. The leaves and bark are used externally for rheumatic swellings. Assam: bisjang, dhuna; Garo: tekreng; Lepcha: narockpa; Nepal: goguldhup. (Indian Medicinal Plants, pp. 531-533). har, harra_, har.r.ai_, harla_, hard.a_ green myrobalan (H.); hird.a_ (M.); hari_r hari_r. (S.); harad. hari_d. (P.); hari_taki_ (Skt.)(Bloch, p.415).

191.Image: camel: attiri camel; mule (Cilap. 6,119); cf. atya (Ta.lex.)

186.Pulse: a_d.haki a kind of pulse, cajanus indicus, tuvari (Ka.); togari (M.) (Ka.lex.)

79.To buy; image: to grasp: assi_na_, as- to buy (Go.); as- to take, buy (Go.); as- (-t-) to catch, hold, grasp (Kond.a); ah- (ast-) to seize, take hold of (Pe.); ah- (-t-) to seize, catch (Mand..); ahpa (aht-) to hold, seize, take, accept, capture, contain; n. grasp, acceptance, capture, seizure (Kui); assali to hold, catch; ah'nai to seize, hold; ah- (ast-) to seize, take hold of (Kuwi)(DEDR 51). attu (atti-) to reach (Ta.); andu to meet with or suffer, reach, get at, obtain, be within reach (Ka.); andu to reach at, take with the hand, obtain, gain, suffer, feel, be within reach; to hand in, hand over (Te.); and- (andit/ant-) to reach, be within reach (Kond.a)(DEDR 149).

129.Image: water-course: ad.a watercourse (S.); ad.d., pl. ad.d.a_ small irrigation channel (L.); ad.d.a_ perch for birds (P.); ar.inu to stop, halt (N.); a~_r screen (A.); ar.a~eb to restrain (Mth.); a_r.na_ to cause to stop (H.); ad.vu~ to stop (G.); ad.n.e~ to be stopped (M.)(CDIAL 188). to_d. channel (Kon.lex.) at.aikal stone placed at the entrance of a sluice to prevent water from flowing (W.)(Ta.); at.ai-ttal to shut, close (Pur-ana_. 151); at.ekka (Ma.); at.ai to obstruct, block, as a passage (Kur-al., 38); to stop up, as a hole (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Image: embankment: an.t.a bund, ridge of field (Ma.); an.t.ai field bund, ridge of a field (Ta.); an.ai embankment, dam, ridge for retaining water in a field, bank of river or sea (Ta.); an.a dam (Ma.); an. water channel brought to village from stream; e.t- an. edge of bank or stream or tank (Ko.); ony edge of swamp (To.); an.e dam, dike (Ka.); an.d.a bank or edge of river (Kod..); ana bank or dam (Te.)(DEDR 122). ad.d.akat.t.a a dam or bank, embankment (Te.); ad.d.akat.t.e a dam (Tu.); at.appan a stopper, cork (Ma.)(DEDR 83). cf. od.u bank of river (Kuwi.Kond.a)(DEDR 965). ar.e to dam (Santali.lex.)

314.Image: castrated young ox: a_rye the ox or he buffalo which is castrated in its tender age (Tu.lex.)

115.Bone: at.t.e bone (Tu.lex.) asthan bone (RV. i.84.13); asthanvant bony (RV. i.164.4); asthi produced in the bones (RV. i.23.4)(Vedic.lex.) a_d., ha_d.a bone (Kon.lex.) cf. had. bone; had.a god.a bones of dead animals (Santali.lex.) cf. had.d.a bone (Skt.Pkt.)(CDIAL 13952).

40.Images: small bolt or pin to fasten a door; gate: arari_ leaf of a door (Skt.); arari door-leaf, door (Pkt.); aral wooden bolt of door attached to the frame (P.); arali_ id., pin a bullock's yoke (P.)(CDIAL 605). argal.a, argala, argar..e, aggar..ike, argar..ike, agan.i, agar..i, agur..i bolt or bar to fasten a door (Ka.); argal.amu wooden bolt, bar or pin for fastening a door, etc., impediment, obstruction (Te.); argoli crossbar, rail (Kui)(DEDR App.9). argala bolt (Skt.); irgala (Pa_n.); argalika_ small bolt (Skt.); sa_rgad.a barred (S'Br.); aggal.a, aggal.a_ cross-bar of a door, bolt (Pali); aggala, aggala_ (Pkt.); a_glo, a_gliya_ (Ku.); a_glo (N.); a_gar., a_gor. mat-door, hurdle (B.); a_gar.a gate (Or.); a_gul.a obstacle; a_gul.a_ small iron keeper-ring (Or.); a_gar, agri_, a_gal wooden bar of door (Bi.); a_gari (OAw.); a_gal, aggal (H.); a_gl.o, a_gl.i_, a_gl.i_o (G.); a_gol., agol., a_ghol. (M.); agal.u (Konkan.i); agul.a, agula (Si.); agd.a_ tie connecting yoke and pole of cart (M.); agla_na to restrain, watch (B.); agul.iba_ to lie in wait for (Or.)(CDIAL 629). For -ghol. in a_ghol. (M.) cf.: Knot; clasp: kun.ike, kul.ike knot, loop, clasp, link (Ka.); kur..aiccu, kur..aicci, kul.accu, kul.acu joint of the body, noose, loop, knot (Ta.); klo_lu hasp; kor.lu door-fastening (Kuwi)(DEDR 1824). cf. elkune elbow (Lith.)(CDIAL 603).

289.Stern of a boat: amaram stern of a vessel, oar used to steer a boat (Ta.); stern of a vessel, elephant's hind part, abaft (Ma.); amaramu stern of a boat (Te.)(DEDR 163). apara posterior (RV.); other, next (Pali); avara latter, other (Pkt.); avara hinder, western (Si.); aparam. further, besides (Pali)(CDIAL 434). cf. ama_r, amma_r ships cable < amarva (Port.)

290.Boat: ambu water (Skt.) ambi boat (Ka.); ambiga_re boatman (Tu.)(DEDR 177). ampi suspended water-shovel (Ta.); ambiga, ambaga, ambuga, ambiga_r-a man who rows a boat, boatman (Ka.); ambi_, ambekari_ boatman (M.)(DEDR 177). ampa_pa_t.t.u a rower's song (Ta.Ma.)(Ka.lex.) Raft; float; small boat; ship: ampi small boat (parimuka vampiyun. karimuka vampiyum : Cilap. 13,176); ambi id. (Ka.); ampi raft, float (Kalit. 103,37); ship (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.) cf. ampu < ambu water; sea (Tiruppu. 32)(Ta.lex.)

244.Boat; ship: ya_n-a-pa_ttiram boat (Ta.); ya_na-pa_tram a ship, boat; ya_na-bhan:ga a shipwreck (Skt.lex.) ya_n-am vessel, ship, raft; conveyance, vehicle, carriage (Iraku. Tikkuvi. 10); palanquin, litter (Periyapu. Tat.utta_t.. 20); ya_tan-am boat; raft (Ta.); cf. ya_na (Skt.); cf. ya_n.ar carpenters (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) ya_na-kara a carpenter (Skt.lex.) ya_ta-ca_mpati Varun.a; ya_tapati sea; Varun.a; ya_n-ai-muka-v-o_t.t.am boat with an elephant-shaped prow (Cilap. 13,176, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) ya_das any (large) aquatic animal, a sea-monster; ya_das-pati the ocean; Varun.a; ya_t.u a fluid, water (Skt.lex.)

19.Image: mimic conflict: an:kam battle, fight (Ta.); fight, battle, duel, challenge (Ma.); an:ka fight, war (Ka.); fight, war, cock-fight (Tu.); an:kaka~_d.u a quarrelsome man (Te.); an:ka fight, mimic war or conflict (Skt.)(DEDR 29).

119.Contents of a box; detailed account of lands: at.akkam cost price (Ta.); contents as of a box, enclosures, as of a letter; treasure trove (Ta.); at.ai price (Pin..)(Ta.); king's share of the produce of the land, whether one-sixth or one-tenth or otherwise (W.)(Ta.); at.aikkuttakai revenue from grain as farmed out by government (J.); at.ai-c-ci_t.t.u receipt for payment of tithe or tax (J.)(Ta.); at.an:ku to be comprised, included (Ci. Ci. Al.avai. 1)(Ta.); at.an:ka adv. wholly, entirely (I_t.u, 8,9,4); at.an:kavum adv. id. (Periyapu. Tiruna_vuk. 359); at.an:kalum id. (Tiruvil.ai. Tirunakaran:kan.. 13); at.akkam-pan.n.u-tal to pack, stow away (Ta.); at.ai-ttal to put in, pack, secure (Ta_yu. Col. 1)(Ta.); at.ai delivering, conveying (Kalit. 115,18); deposit, that which has been accepted for safe keeping (I_t.u, 5,10,5); at.aikkalam deposit (Ka_cippu Tiruner-i. 53); at.ai-kol.l.u-tal to accept a deposit for safe keeping (I_t.u, 5,10,5)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) at.ikkar..acu-per-u-tal to be highly valued (I_t.u, 1,4,1)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) at.an:kal submitting, being included; abiding place (Periyapu. E_yarko_n-. 59); contract work; detailed account showing lands cultivated and the nature of the cultivation in a village; examination of the cultivation of village lands; at.an:kala_mis.am estimate of the produce of a piece of land for a year (C.G.)(Ta.lex.) at.t.na_ to be filled up, be contained in (P.); a_t.n.o to fill up with earth and stones; at.a_n.o to contain, hold (Ku.); at.a_unu to be contained, fit into (N.); a~_t.na_, a~t.na_, at.na_, a_t.na_ to be contained (H.)(CDIAL 178). a_dha_ran.a supporting (Nir.); a_ha_ran.a adj. (Pkt.); a_rn.i_ iron tripod to hold a pot; a_rn.iyo wooden tripod (G.)(CDIAL 1166).

264.Disorder: abad.a, avud.a, abad.ajabad.a confusedly mashing, crushing; a mangled and messes mass (Ka.); avad.acivad.a (M.); abandara, abandare (Tadbhava of abandha) disorder, confusion, irregularity, uselessness, waste (Ka.); abandara (Te.); avantarai (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) aba_d.u, aban.d.u futile, answering no valuable purpose; tare in weighing, e.g. the weight of the bottle in which a merchant has to fill the oil required by the buyer (Ka.); aba_d.a-manus.ya a man of monstrous circumference (Ka.); abad.a-dho_bad.a clumsy, mis-shapen (M.)(Ka.lex.) avantarai disorder, confusion (Ko_yilo. 42); avattam < a-baddha nonsense, falsehood (Te_va_. 996,10)(Ta.lex.)

204.Image: birth: a_t.u to be born; ma_cai ma_kkat.an- man-n-ava n-a_t.alin- (Ci_vaka. 911)(Ta.lex.) a.t. (a.c-) to give birth to (child)(Ko.)(DEDR 347).

455.Colosanthes indica: ara_t.aki_ name of a plant (AV. iv.37.6); arat.va made of the Arat.u tree; name of a man (RV. viii.46.27); arad.u, arat.u the tree colosanthes indica (AV. xx.131.15)(Vedic.lex.)

389.Blanket: ra_r.i blanket (N.)(CDIAL 10698).

68.To collect, to gather: a_y, a_, a_yi, a_yu to collect, to gather; to select, to cull (Ka.Tu.Ta.M.); a_y, a_yi collecting (Ka.); a_ya gain, profit, income, revenue; receipt; corn given by the well-to-do villagers to the hereditary servants of the village as their established fees of office; a_ya-kat.t.u a fixed amount of money; a_ya-ga_r-a a clever man; a hereditary village servant (Ka.); a_ya-ga_d.u (Te.); such servants are e.g. gavud.a, s'a_nabho_ga, jo_yhisa, patta_ri, kamma_r-a, bad.agi, na_yinda (Ka.lex.)

167.Image: bottom of a coconut shell: at.ikkayil bottom piece of a coconut shell with the kernel, dist. fr. kan:kayil (J.); at.i-c-cirat.t.ai thick half or bottom of a coconut shell, used as a vessel, dist. fr. kan.cirat.t.ai (J.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

32.Image: cockroach: akkal.e cockroach (Ka.); ekkale, ekkalu id. (Tu.); hakkal.a id. (Kor.)(DEDR 22). zarlo, zarlea_ cockroach (Kon.lex.) capr.a, capr.i cockroach (Santali.lex.) pa_cca_ cockroach (Na_mati_pa. 266); pa_ccai id. (Ta.lex.) cf. ci_kuru-va_yi cockroach (Ka.)(DEDR 2606). telapa_yika_ cockroach (Pali.lex.)

447.Conveying: a_ra, ha_ra taking, conveying; seizing; carrying away or off; removing; retaining; offering (Ka.); ha_raka taking; bringing; conveying; seizing (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) man.d.a-ha_raka a distiller and seller of spirits; man.d.a the scum which forms on the surface of any liquid; ferment; gruel; the spirituous part of wine etc., spirituous liquor (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

78.Carding cotton; downy cotton of calotropis gigantea: arka the plant calotropis gigantea (S'Br.)[cf. alarka (Sus'r.); ala_ka (Car.); alakkha (Pali)] akkha (Pali.Pkt.);; aku calotropis procera (S.); akk, ak (L.); akk a particular plant with an acrid milky juice (P.); a~_k c. gigantea (Ku.); a_k c. acia (Marw.); a particular tree or shrub (G.); a_kr.o a particular tree or shrub (G.); aka the tree asclepias gigantea (Si.)(CDIAL 625). arkaparn.a leaf of c. gigantea (S'Br.); a_kan swallow-wort (A.); a_kand (B.); a_kanda c.gigantea (Or.); akwan (Bhoj.); ekwan a particular plant (Bhoj.); akwan, akwand, akund, akkand c. gigantea (H.)--(final -d in B.Or.H. unexplained.)(CDIAL 626) cf. -d.- in: e_kud.u picking (Te.)(DEDR 765). aka_w the plant asclepias gigantea (H.)(CDIAL 627). erukku calotropis gigantea (Ta.); erikku id. (Ma.); ekke, ekka, erke, yakka gigantic swallow-wort or manure leaf (Ka.); ekkamale, ekkama_le id. (Tu.); arka (Skt.)(DEDR 814). e_ku roll of cleaned cotton prepared for the spindle (Te.); e_kud.u picking, beating, or cleaning cotton (Te.); ec- (-c-) to card cotton; intens. ecka- (Pe.); ekkuni to gin (Tu.); ekku, yakku to divide, separate, dress cotton, cotton wool (Ka.); ek-ku (ek-ki-) to pull with fingers (as cotton), scrutinize (Ta.); ekkuka to card cotton (Ma.); e_kku carding cotton (Ma.)(DEDR 765). { Kraemer, H. 'Materia Medica of Ceylon', American Journal of Pharmacy, 66 (1894) pp.530-539 reports that the fibre from the inner bark of calotropis gigantea was formerly used in the manufacture of cloth for the princes and nobles [cf. ekkat.iga a superior, noble, or great man (Ka.); ekkad.i id. (Te.)(DEDR 768)], and that the hairs of the seeds are said to have been made into thread in Borneo. Gun-powder charcoal is made from the young branches. [cf. Quisumbing, E., Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, 1978, p.745: reporting Tsiang, Y., 'An enumeration of the Asclepiadaceous plants collected by Tsai and Wang from Yunan in 1933-1936' Sunyatsenia 4 (1939) pp.95-131: "the stems of calotropis gigantea yield a strong fiber, durable under water, used for making fishing nets, halters, lines and ropes. The floss on the seeds is used for stuffing mattresses; the acrid, milky juice, mixed with salt, is used to remove hair from hides; the root is a good teeth cleaner, and the wood is utilized in making charcoal and gunpowder."] Calotropis gigantea is distributed throughout India, Ceylon, Malay Islands and South China . Some etyma: ashur (Arabic); akanda, akra, mandara, rui (Bombay); erukkalai, urkkovi (Ceylon); kadrati (Gond); waduri (Java); khark (Persian); akhauna (Santal); muduwara, vara, varagaha (Sinhalese). [Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D., Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol.III, 2nd edn. 1933, p. 1607]}.

434.To wear: arpiya_ (< arpiya a_-) to put on, wear (coat)(Pe.); arpa to put on (coat, on another), fix (load on carrying-yoke)(Pe.); a_r to wear, put on; to gird, wear (Ta.); a_rppu tie, bondage (Ta.); a_ruka to put on (as clothes or jewels)(Ma.); arkalu a knot, tie (Tu.); a_nu to put on, wear (with -n- < -r-); ara to put on (hat, shirt, spectacles)(Kond.a)(DEDR 369). cf. (i)ravikkai tight-fitting bodice (Ta.)(DEDR 5163). a_r- to become full (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 10,10,5); a_rtsu (Te.); a_r (Ka.Ma.); a_rkuni (Tu.) to shout; to wear, put on; to experience; a_rvur-r-a_r neca mar..iya : Kalit.. 42,13); to bind, tie, gird; pa_mpon-r-a_rttu (Te_va_. 16,11)(Ta.lex.) Armour: r-avake, r-avike armour, quilted jacket, bodice (Ka.); ravake bodice (Tu.); r-avika a sort of bodice (Te.); iravikkai, ravikkai tight-fitting bodice, jacket, corset (Ta.)(DEDR 5163). Garment: ar-a, ar-ave, ar-ive, ar-uve cloth (Ka.); ar-uvai cloth, garment (Ta.)(virinu_lar-uvaiyar : Patir-r-up. 34,3)(Ta.lex.); ar-ai curtain (Ta.); ar-a rag (Te.); arve a cloth, old rag (Tu.)(DEDR 318). Cotton: erukku yarcum, madar, calotropis gigantea (Tan.ikaippu. Kal.avu. 274); erikku id. (Ma.); prob. arka (Ta.lex.) rui_ calotropis gigantea (M.)[which yields a downy kind of cotton] (CDIAL 10798). {Possibly, ar-uvai cloth, garment (Ta.)(DEDR 318); and ruwa_ cotton wool (Ku.)(CDIAL 10798) are traceable to calotropis gigantea, rui_ < erukku.} ruwa_ cotton wool (Ku.); ru_-a cotton [ < *ru_ca = rumcai (Pkt.) cards cotton? (CDIAL 10836)}; r.u_ to fall out, off (leaves, hair)(Mand..Kuwi); r.uha (r.uhi-) to lose the skin by peeling; r.uhpa (r.uht) to take the skin off by burning (Kui); r.u_c to strip off (fibres from bark, etc.)(Kuwi); or.ok, or.^ok bark of tree (Kur.); or.ku bark, husk, peel, scale (Malt.); ul.ik to flay (Kod..); or. id. (Go.)(DEDR 757). ru_a carded cotton (Pkt.); rai_ (S.); ru~ (L.); ru~_ cotton wool (P.); cotton (WPah.); ru_i_ cotton wool (P.); carded cotton (OAw.H.) ru_i~_ cotton wool (P.); ruwo cotton (N.); rua_ cotton (Or.); rui cleaned cotton (Or.); ru_ cotton wool (Mth.); carded cotton (G.M.); rui_ id. (M.); ruvo id. (G.)(CDIAL 10798). oroz to dress (somebody)(Pas'.); a_racita put on (of ornaments)(Skt.)(CDIAL 1300). Weavers, cloth dealers: ar-uvaiyar weavers, cloth dealers (van.n.a var-uvaiyar val.antikar.. mar-ukum : Man.i.28, 53)(Ta.lex.)

499.Variety of cotton: alattam variety of cotton, cem-parutti (Ta.lex.); ya_vam lac; brazil cotton; ya_vakam brazil cotton < ya_va ; cem-pacu brazil cotton, gossypium barbadense acuminatum; cotton coloured with lac-dye (ko_kila-k-kan. cem-pacu : Cilap. 14,187, Urai); cem-pacu-k-kur..ampu paste prepared from red cotton, used to dye women's feet (Man.i. 6,110, Urai); cem-parutti (Ta.); kembatti (Ka.); cembarutti (Ma.) a kind of superior cotton used in making sacred thread (tilaka mulo_-t-tira cemparutti-p-pu_ : Cilap. 14,187, Urai); brazil cotton; a variety of cotton, gossypium arboreum (Ta.lex.) a_la silk-cotton tree (Tu.)(DEDR 495). cem-pat.atti woman of the fisherman caste; cem-pat.avan- fisherman(Ta.lex.) cem-pat.a_m red cloth (Ta.lex.)

169.A country: an.t.a-na_t.u a sub-division of the Pa_n.d.ya kingdom (I.M.P. ii,62)(Ta.lex.) Nearness; neighbourhood; association; refuge: at.uppam nearness (Ma.); at.a shelter, refuge (Ma.); ad.a association, assistance, help (Kui); at.u near, at a short distance (Kui); d.agre, dagira, daggire near (Kuwi); daggara nearness (Te.); at.ge, at.gi near, close (Malt.); at.ipat.i neighbourhood (Malt.)(DEDR 79). an.t.ai nearness, vicinity (Ta.); an.aya neighbourhood, vicinity (Ma.); an.d.a side (Kod..)(DEDR 120). ad.e pase, ad.e t.ola neighbourhood; ar.osi par.osi, ad.epaserenko neighbours (Santali.lex.) a_ro in the neighbourhood; s'eza_ri one living close to another (Kon.lex.) a_ha_n.a refuge (Pkt.)(CDIAL 1163). an.ai support, prop, protection, hlp; an.tai support (Ta.); an.a support, pillow (Ma.); an.a.r by the help of (Ko.); an.d.e support, prop (Ka.); an.d.a support (Te.)(DEDR 123). a_ta_ram support, stay, prop (Ce_tupu. Kanta.86); ground, basis; body, as the abode of the soul (Ta.lex.) Side: an.t.u to approach, take refuge in; an.t.ai nearness, vicinity (Ta.); an.t.a nearness, proximity; an.t.uka, an.n.uka, an.puka to approach (Ma.); an.d.- to be in same place with (Ko.); an.t.u to come or be in contact with; an.d.isu to go near, approach, resort to, come or go to for protection; an.d.u going near, an approach, a resort; an.d.e nearness, approach, side of anything (Ka.); an.d.a side (Kod..); nearness, support, protection, patronage (Te.); andali to aid (Kuwi)(DEDR 120). antika near, nearness; antikam, antike_ in the presence of (RV.); antika near; antike_ adv. (Pali); am.tiya near (Pkt.); i_t now (Wg.); iti_ (Pr.); ande here (Pas'.); ata near (Si.)(CDIAL 377). ante_va_sin pupil who dwells near his master (S'Br.Pali); ante_va_sika pupil (Pali); am.te_va_si (As'.Pkt.); atavasiya_ (Si.)(CDIAL 378). cf. semant. ajho protection, refuge (S.); a_jho confidence (G.)(CDIAL 277). ajjha_vaa teacher (Pkt.); ajjha_yaka Brahman student of the Veda (Pali); jha_ a caste of Maithili Brahmans (N.H.); adhya_paka teacher (Mn.); -adhya_ya (at end of cmpd.)'reader'(Pa_n..)(CDIAL 278). adhya_ya_ reading (Pa_n..); time given to reading (Mn.)(CDIAL 279). adhya_ste_ stays, dwells in (RV.); ajjha_sate_ sits upon (Pali); ajjha_sia established (Pkt.); ajjhun. to sit (L.); ajjhakun. to stop, wait (L.); ajhakn.a_ to stop (P.)(CDIAL 280). adhyante_na adv. close to (S'Br.); jhandai, jhannai almost, generally (N.)(CDIAL 276).

362.To creep: �sr.p to creep, crawl, glide gently; sarpati, srupta id.; sarpa snake (RV.)(CDIAL 13271); utsarpati creep out (AV.); us.upik to slide (Kho.)(CDIAL 1875). sam.sarpati creeps along (VS.); sam.sappati id. (Pali); sam.sappia creeping (Pkt.); sa_sapn.e~ to grope along, to feel for (M.)(CDIAL 13034). visarpin creeping (MBh.); visarpan.a creeping (Pali); visappana spreading; visappi spreads (Pkt.)(CDIAL 11990). nih.sarpati steals away (S'rS.); nis.pat.n.e~ to slip aside (M.)(CDIAL 7124).

437.Weep: ar..u (-v-, -t-) to cry, weep, lament; ar..ai (-pp-, -tt-) to call, cry out, summon; n. crying, weeping; ar..ukun.i tearful person, one who is always crying; ar..ukai pathetic sentiment; ar..un:ku (ar..un:ki-) to weep; ar..un:kal loud noise, uproar (Ta.); ar..uka to weep, cry; ar..aykkuka to shout, cry out (Ma.); ag- (ar.t-) to weep, cry; agl, akl act of lamenting; ar.g- (ar.gy-) (cattle) bellow in protest at ill-treatment (Ko.); or.- (or.y-) (child) weeps (To.); ar.., ar..u, (ar..t-, att-) to weep, cry; ar.., ar..u, ar..a, ar..ke, arke, akke weeping, lamenting; ar..asu, ar..isu to make to cry; ar..uvike crying; ar..ukul.i an easily crying or fretful person (Ka.); arpini to weep, cry; arpa_t.a lamentation; arpele one easily moved to tears, a fretful person; leppuni to call, invite; leppu, la_vu a cry (Tu.); e_d.upu weeping, crying, lamentation; e_d.ucu to cry, weep, lament, shed tears (Te.); ar- (art-) (tiger) roars, to weep, (crow) caws, (peacock) screams (Kol.); ar- to weep, cry (Nk.); al- to weep; caus. alup- (Nk.); ar. to weep, cry (of various animals) (Pa.Ga. Go.Pe.); ar.up- (ar.ut-) to make to cry (Ga.); ar.tip- (ar.tit-) to cause to weep or cry (Pa.); a_d.- to weep (Ga.); a_d.- (a_t.-) to weep; to cry like an animal (Ga.); ar-, a_r.a_na_ to weep, cry; caus. ad.usa_na_, ar.ah- (Go.); ar.ba to weep, cry (Kond.a); ar.- (ar.t-) to weep, cry (of animals); intens. ar.ba-; caus. r.at-; intens. of caus. r.atpa- (Pe.); r.i_ to cry (Mand..); r.i_va (r.i_t) to weep, cry, lament, howl, utter a sound (bark, song of birds etc.); n. weeping, wailing, lament, cry; r.i_ka to weep, cry (Kui); ri_ali to cry; li_nai to weep; r.i_- (-t-) to cry; r.i_t- (-h-) to make cry (Kuwi); a_li to weep (OM.)(DEDR 282). cf. ala_ speech, cry (L.)(CDIAL 1373). Tear: as'ru tear (RV.); assu, assuka (Pali); assu, a_su, am.su, am.suya (Pkt.); s'va, asva, asfa, yasva, avs, pl. avsa (Gypsy); us'tru_ (Dm.); airi_k (Pas'.); as'ru_ (Kho.); airik (Shum.); assun (Bshk.); a~_s.u, pl. a~_s.e (Sh.); os'^u, pl. as'ⁱ (K.); haja (S.); haj(h), pl. haj(h)u~_ (L.); haj (P.); ijh (P.); a_s'u (WPah.); a~_su tear (Ku.N:G.); a~_su_ (Aw.H.); a~_jhu_ (P.); asu~_, a_su_ (M.); as pl. (Si.); acu_ (Kt.); ucil (Pr.); us.uk (Wg.); istru_ (Ash.); a_stru (Kal.); athru_ (L.); atthru_ (P.); atthar (P.); anthru, a~_thru (WPah.); en:khru, e_khu, e~_khu, a_khu (WPah.)(CDIAL 919). Weep: rhi_nt wept (Par.); runik tear (Kurd.); run.n.a adj. and n. weeping (Pali.Pkt.); runna_ pret. of rovan. weep (L.); runnan. to cry (L.)(CDIAL 10771). ruta made to resound (AV.); cry, roar (Ka_tyS'r.); ruvatha bellow (Skt.); ruta noise, cry (Pali); rua (Pkt.); ruru korik to make a noise with the feet, (the sky) to thunder (Kho.)(CDIAL 10772). rud cry, weep (Skt.); rudana weeping (Skt.); ru(v)an.a weeping (Pkt.); ryu_wan (K.); ruan.u (S.); ruan.o tearful (S.); run.a_ weeping (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 10773). ro_da weeping (AV.); lo_ta, lo_ca tears (Skt.); roya, roi weeping (Sh.); roi_ weeping, scream (Ku.); ruwa_-ba_si lamentation (N.); lo tears (A.); roya_ weeping (B.); loya, lua tear (Or.); roa_-ra_t. lamentation (H.)(CDIAL 10839). virudati weeps (BhP.); viruai weeps (Pkt.); wer, wir (Pas'.)(CDIAL 11863). ro_dati, ro_diti howls, weeps (MBh.); rudanti (RV.); rudati weeps (S.ad.vBr.); ro_dati weeps (Pali); ro_yai, ro_ai, ro_vai (Pkt.); rov, erov, 3 sg. ro_ar (Gypsy); roiki, ro_nu (Sh.); rovan., roun., ron (L.); ron.a_, ro_na_ (P.); ron.u_ (WPah.); ru_n.o, caus. ro_un.o (Ku.); runu, pret. royo (N.); roya_ (B.); roeb (Mth.); roi (OAw.); rona_ (H.); roi (OMarw.); rovu~ (G.); rudati weeps (A_past.); ro_dana weeping (Pali); ro_an.a, ro_van.a (Pkt.); ro_n.a_ (L.); ron., ron.i_ adj. looking like crying (P.); royan., ron.u~ weeping (G.)(CDIAL 10841). rujja weeping (Pkt.); roj, rojr.a_ (H.)(CDIAL 10843). a_ruta crying (R.); --Extension with -d.a-: aru_r.i_ long-drawn howl of dog or jackal (L.)(CDIAL 1323). arar-r-al twang of the string of a lute; arar-r-u-tal to lament, cry, weep aloud, bewail (Pu. Ve. 11, Pen.pa_r-. 9); to pour out one's troubles in lamentation (Tol. Po. 260, Urai.); to shout with excitement; to sound, tinkle (Kantapu. Mutan-a_t.. 22); arar-r-u lamentation, expressing one's woes in many words (Cilap. 29); a secondary melody-type of the kurici class (Ta.lex.) Scream: rat. to scream; to howl, roar, yell, etc. (Skt.); rat.ati cries, yells (Skt.); screams (Pali); rad.ai calls out (Pkt.); rar.an.u (S.); rar.an. to grunt (of camel)(L.); rar.iba_ to shout (Or.); rar.vu~ to weep (G.); rad.n.e~, lad.n.e~ (M.); rad.ta_ (Konkan.i);--Extension -kk-: rar.kan.u to eat noisily (S.); rar.ko cry (S.); ---d.-: rar.r.an. to cry out (L.); rat.na_ to cry out, repeat (H.); roa_-ra_t. lamentation (H. metathesis in t.arra_na_ to scream?)(CDIAL 10590). rat. scream; rat.ana shouting (Skt.); rad.an.a crying (Pkt.); rad.n.e~ crying, weeping (Pkt.)(CDIAL 10591). rad.iya screaming (Pkt.); rar.i scream (whence rar.yo bawler)(S.); rar. grunt or groan of camel (L.); rar.i amorous quarrel (N.); scream (Or.); rara shout (H.); rad.i_ losing one's temper (M.)(CDIAL 10592). upahvayate_ shouts to (RV.); upa_rudati (Skt.); orad.n.e~, varad.n.e~ to shout (M.)(CDIAL 2211). ura_r.i loud cry (Or.); orad., varad., ord.a_, vard.a_ shouting (M.)(CDIAL 2216). ran.a noise (Skt.); ran.ak-ka_ra noise (Pkt.); ran.a id. (Pkt.); ran.akna_ to in a shrill voice (P.); ran:ko tinkling (G.)(CDIAL 10595). a_rat.a crying out (Pa_n..); a_rat.i noise (Skt.); a_rd.a_, ard.a_ loud bawling (M.); a_rad., arad. id. (M.)(CDIAL 1301). a_rad.ai cries out (Pkt.); arar.a_un.a_ to roar (P.); ar.a_un.a_ to make a great noise (P.); arar.a_na_, ar.r.a_na_ to scream out (H.); arar.vu~, ara_u~, arr.a_vu~ to bawl (G.); a_rad.n.e~, arad.n.e~ to cry out, bellow (M.)(CDIAL 1302). a_ra_va cry (MBh.); noise (Pali.Pkt.); a_ra_u scream, noise (A.)(CDIAL 1319). ravati roars, howls (JaimBr.); rauti (Naigh.); ruvati (RV.); ravati shouts (Pali); rauna_ to make a noise (H.); luik to bray, bellow, low, roar, howl (Kho.); ravan.a noise (Skt.)(CDIAL 10644). Uproar: irai to sound, roar (as the sea), rumble (as a crowd), wamble (as th ebowels), whiz (as birds when flying); to cry out (as in anger), hiss (as a snake), pant, breathe hard; n. sound, roar, splash (as of a running river); iraiccal sound, noise, clamour; iraippu buzzing, din, wheezing, asthma; iran:ku to weep, cry, roar, sound (as ya_r..); irat.t.u to sound; make to sound, beat (as drum); iriyal weeping; irumu to cough; irumal cough (Ta.); irekka to pant, snore, bluster, roar as sea; iraccal, ireppu noise (as of sea, bowels), hum, buzz; irampuka to bluster, be loud; irampal roar of the sea, difficulty of breathing; irumal cough; eraccil din, bustle; erappu buzzing, din, wheezing; erampam din, bustle, great noise (Ma.); rampa clamour, vociferation; rambu calmour, noise; rambha sounding, roaring, bellowing, lowing, making a noise (Ka.); rampa hubbub (Kod..); ramb(h)a_ru_t.i, ramba_rot.i, rambha_t.a clamour, outcry (Tu.); r-ampu, rampu noise, uproar, disturbance, squabble, wrangle, scandal; r-ampil(l)u, rampilu to make an uproar (Te.); rampam uproar, commotion (Kol.); ran ban disorder (Pa.){Echo word}; rambh, ramb to sound; rambha_ sounding, roaring, lowing (Skt.)(DEDR 489). rambhate_ bellows (BhP.); rambhan.u to low, bellow (S.); rambhn.a_, rammh^ana_ to low (P.); ra_mnu id. (N.); ra_mn.o to bellow (Ku.); ra~_bhna_ to bellow, low, roar; ramha_na_ to low (H.)(CDIAL 10634). Image: crying out: ra_van.a crying out (Skt.); ra_yan a calling out (B.); ra_yan.a (Or.)(CDIAL 10717). ra_yan.a making a noise (Skt.); ra_yan.a (Or.)(CDIAL 10712). ra_i makes a noise (Pkt.); ra_yati barks at (RV.); ray- to bark (Dm.); zay (Pas'.); ra_y (Kal.); rayik (Kho.); ra_iba_ to make a noise, call (Or.)(CDIAL 10714). reni dog (Kho.)(CDIAL 10713). ra_va shriek, yell (MBh.); shout (Pali.Pkt.); ra_ya (Pkt.); ra_o noise, scream (A.); ra_ shout, sound, word (B.); sob (at end of infant's crying), croak, caw (Or.); ra_a_ (Or.); ra_v cry for redress (G.); rav, rava, ra_ noise (Si.)(CDIAL 10716). ra_vayati makes roar or scream (A_s'vS'r.); ra_ve_i shouts (Pkt.); ra_iba_ to make a noise, call (Or.); ra_wana_ to make cry or weep (H.)(CDIAL 10718). ra_vin.i_ adj. bellowing (R.); ra_vin screaming (MBh.); ra_uni screaming woman or girl (A.); ravan.a noise (Skt)(CDIAL 10719). rava roar, cry (esp. of animals)(RV.); roar, shout (Pali); ro_ song (Bshk.); rua recitation of a long prayer (Or.); rava song (OG.); rav noise (G.); ro_la noise, quarrel (Pkt.); rla_ noise; ro_la_, raola_ (L.); raula_ (P.); raul, raula_, raur noise, uproar (H.); rol.o tumult (Marw.); rol., rol.o noise (G.)(CDIAL 10641). ravati roars, howls (JaimBr.); rauti (Naigh.); ruvati (RV.); ravati shouts (Pali); rauna_ to make a noise (H.); luik to bray, bellow, low, roar, howl (Kho.)(CDIAL 10644). ravan.a making noise (Pkt.); rn.a_ clapper of bell (L.); raun.a_ (P.); rn.a_ clapper of bell, small bell on neck of cow or goat (L.); rain.a_ clapper (P.)(CDIAL 10619). rapati talks, chatters (RV.); chatters, whispers (Pali); ravai speaks; rave_i calls (Pkt.); reik, imper. rawe to speak, call, name, read (Kho.); rayoiki (Sh.)(CDIAL 10620). ra_rapat talk (SV.); va_vadat(RV.)(CDIAL 10620; Add.) a_rpparavam roar, shout (Tiruva_ca. 7,12); a_rppari-ttal to shout, roar, resound (Maccapu. Tiripuraniruma_n.ava. 14)(Ta.lex.) a_rtsu (Te.); a_r (Ka.Ma.); a_rkuni (Tu.) to shout (Ta.lex.) ar-ai to speak, sound; n. sound, word, reply (Ta.); ar-acu, ar-icu, ar-ucu, arcu to cry out aloud, clamour, scream; racce crying alout, noisy and abusive clamour (Ka.); areduni to low (Tu.); ajike speech (Kor.); ar-acu to cry or cry out, shout, clamour, shriek, bark, bray, crow, bellow; ar-apu a cry, shriek, yell, shout, clamour; r-an:ke roar, cry; r-antu noise; rajju useless talk; vb. to be talkative, prattle; n. boast (Te.); raz- (rast-) to say, speak, talk nonsense (Kol.); arap- to crow (Nk.); arg- (cow) to bellow (Ga.); ra_n(g-) to abuse (Go.); r.aspa (r.ast-) to ring, make a reverberating sound (Kui)(DEDR 319). rasati yells (S'Br.); praises (Naigh.); calls out (Pali); rasai (Pkt.); res- to low (Kt.); rayoiki (1 sg. ra_m) to say, speak, read; razo_nu to tell (Sh.); ras cry out (Skt.)(CDIAL 10652). ra_sa din, uproar (Skt.); ra_sabha ass (RV.); ra_s, ra_sa_ noise, uproar, affray (H.); ra_sau (Brj.)(CDIAL 10725). virasati cries out (Skt.); virasam.ta screaming (Pkt.); virasn.e~ to be touched in a tender or sore spot (M.)(CDIAL 11850). reni dog (Kho.)(CDIAL 10713). a_r to sound (as bell, etc.)(Pa.); to cry aloud (Ka.); a_r (-pp-, -tt-) to shout, roar, bellow; slander, vilify (Ta.); a_rppu shout, noise, cry, roaring (Ma.); loud, tumultuous noise, laughter, joy; a_rava_ram loud noise, shouting, roaring, bustle; a_rava_ri (-pp-, -tt-) to roar, shout; a_ri (-pp-, -tt-) to sound; a_rppa_t.am uproar, loud, cry, boisterous behaviour; arar-r-u (arar-r-i-) to lament, cry, bewail, shout with excitement, sound; n. lamentation; arar-r-al twang of the string of a lute (Ta.); a_rkkuka (a_rttu) to cry aloud, roar, shout; a_rppikka to make to shout (Ma.); a_rava_ram clamorous multitude (Ma.); a.r (a.t-) to call (Ko.); o.s.f- (o.s.t-) to dance (of Todas; really, to shout c.hau hau while dancing); a.for.- (a.fot.-) to talk (in general, to one another, a language)(To.); a_r (a_rd-), a_rcu, a_cu to cry aloud (Ka.); a_rad.i publicity, report, infamy, scandal; a_rava_ra a great outcry, bawling; a_rbu, a_rpu, a_rubu, a_ruha, a_rba_t.a, a_rbat.a crying aloug etc.; a_rbat.isu, arbisu to cry aloud, roar: arbu crying; abbara, abbaran.e a loud cry, noise, sound; abbarisu to cry aloud, whoop, bark, howl (Ka.); ara- (arap-, arand-) to make loud hoarse noise, moo (Kod..); a_rkuni to cry out, shout; a_rbat.a, arbhat.a, a_rbhat.e fearful noise, uproar, a joyful cry, triumph; araba_yi, arabai violent clamour, crying aloud, lamentation; arat.uni to make a grating noise, interrupt, blab; ara-gin.i a talking parrot; abbara, abbaran. sound, noise, cry (Tu.); a_rcu, a_rucu to cry aloud, shout, roar (Te.); a_rpu a cry (Te.); a_rbhat.amu, a_rbhat.i cry, roar, yell, uproar (Te.); a_r- to sound (as bell etc.)(Pa.); arg- to bellow (Ga.); a_rpa to shout, howl (Kond.a); to call (Kui); a_rnai id. (Kuwi); a_rpinai to call (Kuwi); a_rh'nai to invite (Kuwi); ra_t.- to cry out; ra_t.u din, noise, uproar (Kuwi); a_rn.e~ to utter its cry, crow (like cock)(M.)(DEDR 367). a_ra_va cry, sound, noise; arodana crying, lamenting (Pali.lex. from a_ + rud, pp. a_run.n.a weeping, crying.) ra_d.i shouting (S.); ra_r.i, ra_r.o shouting (S.); ra_r., ra_d.h shouting (cf. rat.hati s (Skt.)(CDIAL 10697). rava roar, cry (esp. of animals)(RV.); roar, shout (Pali); ro_ song (Bshk.); rua recitation of a long prayer (Or.); rava song (OG.); rav noise (G.); ro_la noise, quarrel (Pkt.); rla_, ro_la_, raola_ noise (L.); raula_ (P.); raul, raula_, raur noise, uproar (H.); rol.o tumult (Marw.); noise (G.); rol. noise (G.)(CDIAL 10641). hambha_rava lowing (MBh.); hamba_rava (Skt.); hamba_rar.i lowing; hamba_riba_, hamba_l.iba_, hama_l.iba_ to low (Or.); ha~_bard.a_ lowing; ha~ba~_rn.e~, ha~_barn.e~ to low (M.); hambha_ lowing (MBh.); me_gha-rava thunderbolt (MBh.)(CDIAL 13974). rambh bellow; rambha lowing, roaring; rambha_ lowing (Skt.); ramba flock(s)(K.); rambha lowing of cows (S.); rom herd of cows (Kal.); herd (of cows, goats, sheep), covey (of birds)(Kho.); romo flock, herd (Yid.)(CDIAL 10632). a_ra~bhal.n.e~ to roar, bawl (M.); a_ra~_bho volley of musketry (S.)(CDIAL 1308). a_rava cry, howl (R.); -- Extension with -la-: a_rol.i_, arol.i_, a_rli_, arli_ loud call, bawl (M.)(CDIAL 1309). a_ravi_ti, a_rauti, a_ruvati shouts, cries out (RV.); a_ravn.e~, a_rn.e~ to utter its cry (esp. of a cock)(M.); a_ravn.i_ cock-crowing (M.)(CDIAL 1310). alar-al loud cry, great sound; alar-u-tal to vociferate, roar (Ci_vaka. 2195)(Ta.); alar-u (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) alar-r-u-tal to talk unceasingly and irregularly (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 1,3,10)(Ta.lex.) a_rava_ra a great outcry, bawling (Ka.); a_r to cry aloud (Ka.Te.Tu.Ta.); a_ru, a_l, a_lu id. (Ka.); a_ra_va sound; cry, scream (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

460.Curcuma Longa: haridra_ curcuma longa (Car. Su. 2.5, 4.3, 13); haridre, haridra_ = aricana turmeric, curcuma longa (Ka.lex.) haridru a kind of turmeric, curcuma aromatica (Ka.lex.) haridra_ curcuma longa [cf. arican-am turmeric (Ta.); arcn saffron (i.e. turmeric)(Ko.); arsn saffron, yellow (To.); arisina, arisin.a, arasina, arasin.a, arsin.a turmeric, curcuma longa (Ka.)(DEDR 220); cf. macal. turmeric, curcuma longa (Ta.)(DEDR 4635); ga~t., sasan. curcuma longa (Santali.lex.)]; "Acafram da Terra... is a medicine and article of commerce which is taken much to Arabia and Persia... The Canarese call this plant alad (turmeric, the rhizome of curcuma longa, called in Sanskrit haridra, i.e. yellow wood; in Hidustani, haldi and haled; in Tamil manjal; in Malay, kunhet; in Persian and Hebrew, karkum. The word 'turmeric' is a corruption of the French terre merite)... in Malayalim, more correctly majjale. The name in Malay is cunhet, in Persian darzard, which means a yellow stick. In Arabic it is habet... does not grow in Persia, Arabia or Turkey, but that all comes from India... Avicenna calls it calidunium or caletfium... The Arabs, like the Indians, call it aled, and the name is corrupted by Avicenna into caletfium..." (G. De Orta, pp. 162-165). Curcuma longa. Turmeric. Part used: the prepared rhizome. Habitat. Southern Asia and East Indies. Turmeric is grown extensively in China, India, Cochin China and Java from rhizome cuttings. Uses: turmeric is a stimulant, coloring agent and condiment. It is an ingredient of many curry powders and prepared mustards and pickles. Turmeric paper is prepared from the tincture and used as a test for boric acid, borates, and alkalies. (Heber W. Youngken, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Co., 1950, pp. 229-231). Curcuma longa = curcuma domestica: haridra (Skt.); haldi (H.B.); halada (G.); manjal (Ta.); pasupu (Te.); decoction of rhizomes used in purulent conjuctivitis; curcuma aromatica: vana-haridra (Skt.); jangli haldi (H.); banhalud (B.); ran hald (M.); kastur-manjal (Ta.Te.); rhizome externally applied in combination with astringents, bitters and aromatics to bruises and sprains; cultivated chiefly in Bengal and Travancore (GIMP, p.85). karcu_ra curcuma zedoaria (Car. Su. 27.155). Turmeric: sasan. turmeric and the plant, curcuma longa which yields it; sasan. dak yellow, colour of turmeric; ga~t. branching roots of turmeric; balplare sunum sasan:ko ojok jona at a marriage they anoint themselves with oil and turmeric; sasan. bed.a a place mentioned in Santal traditions; sasan. d.ora a cord fastened round the loins of a child at narta. It is dyed yellow with turmeric; sasan. rit dhiri a stone for grinding tuemeric (Santali.lex.) s'asya corn, grain; the fruit or produce of any plant or tree; sasya id. (Ka.lex.)

376.Image: curved, crooked: ara_la curved, crooked, spreading like the spokes of a wheel; a bent or crooked arm; ara_la-ke_s'i_ a woman with curled hair; ara_la-paks.man having curved eyelashes (Skt.lex.) ar-al wave, ripple (Tiva_.); curl (Perumpa_n.. 162, Urai.)(Ta.lex.)

423.Consignable; present sent to a friend at a distance: arp(i)ya consignable (Skt.); arpita fixed (RV.); entrusted (Ya_j.); appita applied (Pali); appiya given (Pkt.); a_pium (OG.); apa security, bail (Si.); a_pai_ deposit, present sent to a friend at a distance (M.)(CDIAL 685). arpayati causes to move (AV.); puts in or on (RV.); delivers up (Ya_j.); appe_ti fits in (Pali); appe_i hands over (Pkt.); a_pab to deposit, place (Mth.); a_pvu~ to give, pay (G.); caus. appa_ve_i (Pkt.); apa_vvu~ (G.)(CDIAL 684). ar. to cross (Pa.); ar.ip to make to cross (Pa.); ahka_na_ to cross, pass over; ahk gar.m on the other side (Go.)(DEDR 289). Consignment: samrpan.a act of placing on (S'Br.); delivers over (Skt.); samappan.a handing over (Pkt.); so~pa~r.~ present (Ku.); so~pan. a consignment (G.)(CDIAL 13191). smarpayati throws at (AV.); fixes in (S'Br.); delivers over (Skt.); samappe_ti hands over (Pali); samappe_i (Pkt.); sau~pan.u (S.); sau~pan. (L.); saumpn.a_ (P.); sau~pn.o (Ku.); su~pnu (N.); xa~piba (A.); sa~pa_ (B.); sampiba_ (Or.); sapab (Mth.); sau~pal (Bhoj.); sau~pab (Aw.); sau~pna_ (H.); sopai (OMarw.); so~pvu~, sa~_pvu~ (G.); so~pn.e~, sopn.e~ (M.)(CDIAL 13192). camarppan.am dedication, votive offering (Ta.lex.) arppan.am dedication (Ja_n-ava_. Aruccu. 16); arppitam that which is offered (Pirapo_ta. 18,25)(Ta.lex.)

165.Deity: at.ikal. deity (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 1,3,1); sages, ascetics; a term of respect used with the names of sages, ascetics, male or female (Cilap.); seniors, elders; spiritual preceptor (kantapu. Vi_ra. Caya. 21); queen, lady (Co_r..avami. 102)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

107.Marvellous work: acurar a class of demons at war with the gods, prob. da_nava_s as dist. fr. daityas (Tiva_.); cf. da_n to cut, divide; to make straight (Skt.lex.); ?stha_na: ta_n-a-ma_n-am dignity and honour attached to status or office (T.A.S. iv,153); i.e. ?those who apportion (produce, land etc.); acur a class of demons (Tiv. Iyar-. Tiruvirut. 67); acura-kiruttiyam marvellous work, herculean labour, as of demons; acuram acquirement of a bride by the successful performance of some valiant deed enjoined by her father, as the seizing of a wild bull (Tol. Po. 93, Urai.)(Ta.lex.); hence, asurar may refer to those who perform marvellous work or artisans, in general. a_sre n. pl. water-demon (M.); acchar (H.); asara deity (Si.); acchara_ (Pali.Pkt.); apsaras (Skt.)(Bloch, p. 302). sura, sora a god, a deity (Skt.Ka.); sura-pen. an apsara woman; asura a demon, S'ukra's pupil; asura-bali an offering to demons; asuri a female demon (Ka.lex.) hahar.a to marvel (Santali.lex.) aja_pa_tso marvellous (Kon.lex.)

424.Giving: arpan.am giving, offering; restoration, delivery, giving back (Skt.lex.) arpisu t offer, to deliver, to consign, to bestow; arpan.a offering, delivering, consigning (Ka.lex.)

352.Deceit: ayir (-pp-, -tt-) to suspect; n. doubt, suspicion; ayirppu doubt, suspicion; aiyam doubt, uncertainty, scepticism (Ta.); ayyam doubt (Ma.); eyb id., suspicion; naccu, nasa doubt (Ka.); asr-asr ne to hesitate (Ka.)(DEDR 190). e_mam bewilderment, perplexity; e_mal confusion of mind; e_ma_r (-pp-, -tt-) to be confused, bewildered; e_ma_r-u (e_ma_r-i-) to be beguiled, inveigled; e_ma_r-r-u (e_ma_r-r-i-) to hoodwink, deceive; e_ma_r-r-am state of being defrauded, deceit, confusion of mind; e_ma_l.i simpleton, fool; e_mur-u (e_mur-uv-, e_mur-r--) to be perplexed, bewildered (Ta.); e_mal confusion of mind, bewilderment; e_ma_r-i a cheat; e_ma_r-r-am deceit, fraud; e_ma_r-r-uka to hoodwink, deceive; e_ma_l.i beggar, silly man (Ma.); e.ma.r- (e.ma.ry-) to gasp (from sudden fright, shock, while dying); e.ma.n- (e.ma.nd-) to be cheated; be dazed by being caught suddenly in wrong-doing; e.ma.t (e.ma.ty-) to cheat; e.ma.tl tricks (Ko.); e.mo.t- (e.mo.ty-) to deceive (To.); ve_ma_r-u to be careless, fall a prey to deceit (Ka.); e_mar-u, e_ma_r-u to be forgetful, be deceived, err; e_mar-incu, e_mar-ucu, e_ma_rcu to make one forget, deceive, take by surprise (Te.)(DEDR 898).

235.Deceit: an.a_ppu (an.a_ppi-) to deceive; an.a_ppi a deceitful woman (Ta.); an.appu deceit, trickery, fraud (Ma.)(DEDR 115).

340.Image: masquerade dance: ayir-pen.t.u a masquerade dance (Cilap. 3,13, At.iya_rk. Urai.)(TED).

132.Image: creeper: ad.ke-bi_r..ubal.l.i a woody climber, climbing and rooting on the stems of trees, pothos scandens (Ka.); ad.ike-bu_ru, arke-bu_ru a kind of creeper, pothos scandens (Tu.)(DEDR 90). [cf. ba_ru betel leaf (B.< Austro-as.)(CDIAL 9213). ba_rui caste of betel-growers (B.)(CDIAL 9214).] aten combretum decandrum a gregarious scandent shrub, the twigs of which are used to make baskets; at.kir smilax ovalifolia a common jungle climbing plant (Santali.lex.) at.appan.-kot.i hare-leaf, ipomoea biloba, a creeper; at.ampu id. (L.)(Ta.); at.ampu id. (Ma.); at.umpu hare-leaf (Kalit. 132); ad.umbu id. (Ka.Tu.); at.umbu (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) an.t.arike a prickly climbing shrub, acacia intsia (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

361.Image: interlacing: aril interlacing as of bamboo stalks growing together, low jungle, thicket, dense bush, bamboo (Ta.); aralu, allu to spread (as a creeper), creep (Te.); all- to spread as a creeper (Ga.)(DEDR 207). Creep; crawl: ir..ayuka to trail, creep, crawl (as infants); ir..a-ja_ti reptiles; ir..accal creeping; e_yuka to creep (Ma.); de~_ku, de~_kuru, d.e~_ to creep or slide along the ground on posteriors (Te.)(DEDR 508). u.nj- to move along by jerks, (child) moves over ground on bottom by jerking along (Ko.); u_z- (-it-) to crawl or creep (child, ants, snake etc.); u_s ki- to move on posteriors (as children)(Kond.a); u_s- (-it-) to slide, roll (Kuwi)(DEDR 736). u_r (-v-, -nt-) to move slowly, creep (as an infant), crawl (as a snake), circulate (as blood), extend over surface (as spots on the skin), flow (as juice from the sugar-cane); (-pp-, -tt-) to suck; u_ral creeping thing, eruptive patch on the skin (Ta.); u_ruka (u_rnn-) to creep (as snake); (u_ri-) to glide down, slip, crawl; u_ran snake, reptile; u_ral sensation of something creeping on the body, itching sensation (Ma.); u_r-, u_r-- (-it-) to crawl on knees, as infants (Kond.a)(DEDR 749). niran.n.uka to drag the tail or feet along the ground, creep, crawl; nirakkuka to push, shove; nirakkam, niran.n.al crawling on the ground (Ma.); nerumu to move on posteriors (Te.)(DEDR 3749).

255.Image: crack: a_n.e a crack; a_n.e-bid.u to crack or burst (Ka.M.); a_n.isu to crack or burst under the influence of the sun's heat, especially wood (Ka.M.); cf. a_n.i, an.n.e-kal a hailstone (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

160.Image: split; splinter: at.aruka to burst, crack, slit off, fly open; at.ar a splinter; at.arcca splitting, a crack; at.arttuka, at.attuka to split, tear off, open (an oyster)(Ma.); ad.aruni to crack (Tu.)(DEDR 66). Image: broken grain: adru broken grain (Malt.); adar the waste of pounded rice, broken grains (Kur.)(DEDR 134). at.ar-tal to fashion, mould by beating (Pur-ana_. 29)(Ta.lex.) Image: to pound in mortar; to harrow: at.ar-ttal to press down (Te_va_. 509,8)(Ta.lex.) dancu, d.ancu to pound, beat, clean grain in a mortar (Te.); dangu, d.angu to be pounded or cleaned (as rice, etc.); dampu to pound, beat, clean grain in a mortar (Te.); at.ukulu rice wetted, parched and flattened, beaten rice (Te.); at.t. to strike (Pa.); ma_va at.t. to harrow (Pa.); pot.kul at.t. to snap fingers, to clap hands (Pa.); d.ak- (-t-) to beat, strike, beat (as a drum); d.as- (-t-) to pound (as paddy or any raw grain)(Kond.a); d.a_mba (d.a_mbi-) to pound, crush by pounding (Kui); d.amb- (-it-) to be broken; d.ap (-h-) to break (Kuwi)(DEDR 77).

487.Image: claw of a crab: al.a the claw of a crab; al.a-chinno kakkat.ako; the nails (of finger or toe); al.a-chinna ?one whose nails are cut off (Pali.lex.) 487.Image: claw of a crab: al.a the claw of a crab; al.a-chinno kakkat.ako; the nails (of finger or toe); al.a-chinna ?one whose nails are cut off (Pali.lex.) Image: crab: alavan- crab (Ci_vaka. 516); male crab (Pin..); cancer of the zodiac (Ta.lex.) Image: forceps of an insect: a_l sting or forceps of an insect (B.); a_la source of pain (OG.); a_l.aka thorn, sting, dart (Pali); a_la poison (RV.); discharge of poisonous matter from venomous animals (Sus'r.); a_la_kta smeared with poison (RV.)(CDIAL 1352). Image: clamp: al. clamp, iron band to hold parts together (Pin..); block connecting the spring with the axle; alaku-p-pu_t.t.u locking the mouth by a wire running through the cheeks, in fulfilment of a vow (W.)(Ta.lex.) Image: seizing: a_lambha seizing; a_labha taking hold, touching (Ka.lex.) alaku, alavu jaw, mandibles, bird's beak (Ta.); upper portion of the jawbone (Ma.); halaku the lower part of the cheek (Ka.)(DEDR 239).

43.Centre of a potter's wheel: akha_r small lump of clay placed in the centre of a potter's wheel (H.); aks.a_ka_ra shaped like a die (Skt.)(CDIAL 40).

357.Image: dice: a_yam dice (Tiva_.); cast of dice in a game (Kalit. 136,5); gambling (Kur-al., 939)(Ta.lex.)

56.Image: die: aks.a, akka, accu (Tadbhava of aks.a) a die for playing with; akka-da_ya, akka-da_l.a a die at play (Ka.); the tree beleric myrobalan, terminalia belerica the seed of which is used as a die; cf. ta_r-e ; aks.a-da_ma a string of rudra_ks.a beads (Ka.); aks.ade_vi a gamester; aks.adhu_rta id. (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) Image: dice: aks.a a die for gambling (RV.); akkha a die, small weight (Pali); accha a die [cf. accu mould (Ta.)]; akkha a die (Pkt.); aka dice (OSi.); k a measure of weight (OSi.); aks.a the tree elaeocarpus ganitrus (Sus'r.); its seed(of which rosaries were made and which were used for dice)(Skt.); a_kh the tree croton oblongifolius (N.); aka the tree terminalia belerica and its seeds (which are used for rosaries and a measure of weight)(OSi.)(CDIAL 22). aks.ama_la_ string of rosary beads (Skt.); aks.ama_lin name of S'iva (MBh.); akkhama_la_ rosary (Pkt.); akmala id. (Si.)(CDIAL 35). *aks.ada_ruka a partic. tree (Skt.); as.kro_ pine (Dm.); acha_ru id. (Phal.)(CDIAL 30). cf. semantic link with 'gambling' and 'eye. a_yam dice; cast of dice in a game; gambling (Kur-al.,939)(Ta.lex.) cf. luck fortune good or ill; good fortune. prob. origin as a gambling term--Low German luk, Middle High German gelucke, formed on ge- Y- + a base of unknown origin; the Low German word was adopted in Icelandic, Old Swedish lukka etc. Hence lu.cky (ODEE). Good sign: lakkhi_ good fortune, wealth (Pali); laks.mi good sign, fortune (RV.)(CDIAL 10890). [whence laks.a 1000,000 (Ya_j.); prize (MBh.); lakkha (Pali.Pkt.); lak (Sh.); lach (K.); lakhu (S.); lakh (L.); lakkh (P.WPah.) la_kh (Ku.N.A.B.H.Marw.); la_kh (Mth.Aw.G.M.); la_kha (Or.); na_kha (Or.)(CDIAL 10881).[cf. Concordant semantic structures: no_kkal a look (Ma.); no_kkam aim, intention, indication, sign (Ta.); view, eye (Ma.)(DEDR 3794). laks.a mark, sign (MBh.); aim (Skt.); laks.ya aim (Skt.); lakkha mark, target, stake in gambling (Pkt.); la_kha, na_kha aim,distinguishing mark (Or.); la_s mark made by cautery (M.); lak-a sign, object, end (Si.)(CDIAL 10881)].

20.Desire: an:gla.pm desire, liking (Ko.); an:kala_y (-pp-, -tt-) to be envious, covet, grieve (Ta.); an:gal to grieve, be afflicted (Ka.); an:galappu, an:gala_pa covetousness; an:gu greed; an:gid.ipini to be greedy, covetous; an:gipuni to wish, be greedy of; an:gele a greedy person, glutton (Tu.)(DEDR 31).

473.Image: crab: a_ru a crab (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

281.Unclean: amE purification after childbirth (Ka.); am ceremonial impurity or defilement in case of birth (Tu.); emsna_ to allow (oneself or one's food) to be defiled by someone of a different caste; emsrna_ to touch, come in contact with, defile (by touch, unlawful relations etc.)(Kur.)(DEDR 171). cf. musuru unclean (Ka.lex.)

392.First distilled, strong; soma: a_rga_ pl. thanks (religious); a_rga_ di give thanks or glorify god (Kon.lex.) a_gani first distilled, strong (A.); a_grayan.i_ oblation of first fruits (Ka_tyS'r.); a_grayan.a the first soma libation at the agn.is.t.oma sacrifice (VS.); agran.i_ti the first offering (RV.)(CDIAL 1052). Offering; valuable: argha an offering of various ingredients (rice, flowers, water etc., or of water only) to gods or venerable men; arghya valuable; venerable; an offering of various ingredients to gods or venerable men; argal.a greatness, eminence (Ka.lex.) agghiya respectful oblation to a guest, column of honour decked with garlands, etc. (Pali.); valuable (Pali.Pkt.); adorned (Pkt.); ga_ festoon work, bouquet (Si.); arghya valuable; deserving respectful reception (as a guest)(Pa_rGr..); agha respectful offering (KharI.); a_ghu, a_gha guest (OG.); gi precious (Si.); aggha valuable (Pkt.)(CDIAL 633). argh respectful reception of guest (S'Br.); value, price (Mn.); aggha price (Pali.Pkt.)(CDIAL 630). Valuable: agghan., agha_van. to fetch a good price (L.); aganava_, aginava_ to be worth (Si.); rghati is worth (Pali); aggha_pe_ti values, appraises (Pali); agghai is worth, is fit (Pkt.); aghan.u to be sold, be profitable; agha_ijan.u to be sold (Si.)(CDIAL 632). Price; cheap: aggha respectful offering (KharI.); aghu market price (S.); aggh (L.); a_ghi_ interest in kind on seed-corn (Bi.Mth.); a_gh price (H.); aga (Si.)(CDIAL 630). a_kiro risen in price, dear (S.); a_kra_ high priced (B.); costly, urgent (Or.); akra_ costly (H.); a_kru~ costly, difficult, hot-tempered (G.)(CDIAL 1014). agghan.a price, in cmpd. -agghanaka having the value of (Pali); agana_ precious (Si.)(CDIAL 631). arghya used at a reception for a respectful guest; water offered at such reception (A_s'vGr..); aggha valuable (Pali)(CDIAL 633). argha, agga price, cost, worth (Ka.lex.) cf. agguva cheap price (Te.lex.) akkam an ancient coin = 1/12 ka_cu (S.I.I. ii,123)(Ta.lex.) Rare, precious: arukku to regard as precious; n. scarceness (Ta.); to make scare, reduce (Ta.); arukka_n.i rareness, preciousness (Ta.); arun:ku, anuntal, aruvam rareness (Ta.); aru rare, unusual (Ma.); ark- (arky-) to use up extravagantly (Ko.); aradu, aridu, arudu that is impossible, wonderful (Ka.); arudu rare, scarce, excellent; n. rarity, marvel, surprise (Te.); aridi rare, uncommon, wonder (Te.)(DEDR 221). cf. adbhuta wonderful (Skt.lex.) cf. ar-pputam wonderful (Ta.lex.) arukku (arukki-) to show disinclination in a bargain (Maccapu. Can:kira_. 11); arukka_n.i reluctance to accommodate, closeness in a bargain (Ta.); ark- (arky-) (father) refuses to repay daughter's bride-price (Ko.)(DEDR 223). rhati is worth, is able, deserves (RV.); arahati deserves (Pali); layun to be worth (so much in the market)(K.)(CDIAL 691). rhant deserving (RV.); worthy (Skt.); arahanta Buddhist mendicant (Pali); arahatan.a (KharI.); araham.ta, ariham.ta (Pkt.); rahat, ra_t honoured, saint (Si.)(CDIAL 692). Cheap: cf. argha price, value (Mn.)(CDIAL 630). srog^u, sog^u cheap (K.); cf. drog^u dear (K.)(CDIAL 13911). drogun to become dear (K.); dra_g famine (Sh.); high price, famine (K.); dra_gaz (Kal.); draganz (Kho.); derganj (Werch.); dragu dear (Slav.)(CDIAL 6426). agga, hagga (Tadbhava of argha) worth, value, price; proper price, the cheapness of commodities; cheapness; cheap (Ka.); agguve (Te.); agga (Tu.); cheapness, worthlessness (Ka.Tu.); aggadava a lewd or mean man; agga pa_d.u a cheap manner, cheapness; agga_l.u a low man (Ka.lex.)

22.Dowry: an:gu, han:gu obligation (Tu.lex.) an:kaman.i dowry in the form of jewels, clothes, furniture, vessels etc. which a married girl takes with her to her new home (Tiv. Tiruma_lai. 37, Vya_.); id. (Ka.); an:kam a petty cess (T.A.S. iii,266); an:kaman.i-k-ku_t.ai a basket of presents to a bride; an:kaman.ippan.am dowry money (S.I.I. vi,152)(T.E.D.) an:ka-man.i < an:ga + dowry which a married girl takes with her, ci_tan-am (Tiv. Tiruma_lai. 37, Vya_. 121); an:gaman.i id. (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) an:ga-man.i a present given in a girl's marriage, or in her first pregnancy after her marriage (Ka.lex.) an:ka-k-kal.ari < an:ka + honours to liberal donors, in a temple (Ta.lex.) cf. a_yerma_n, a_verma_n money given by the parents of the bride to the parents of the bridegroom, pledge of marriage (Kon.lex.) cf. a_ndan. dower (native paraphernalia) (Kon.lex.) an:g laga_un.a to unite or join (as in marriage)(P.); an:g san:g relationship, kin (P.lex.) ahe_ra donation, gift (M.)(Ka.lex.) an:ganai woman (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.) cf. aran.a nuptial present (Ka.lex.)

29.Interjection of doubt: a_ho_ interjection of question or doubt (S'Br.)(CDIAL 1548). a_ interj. expr. pity, regret; wonder, admiration; contempt (Ta.); a_ ah! (Ma.); ah. interj. expr. astonishment or admiration, (also akh) contempt or unconcern; a_, a_h. interj. of surprise or pain (Ka.); ah, aha ah! eh! (Tu.)(DEDR 332). ha_ alas! (MBh.); haha_ (Skt.); ha_ exclamation of sorrow or pain (Pali.Pkt.K.S.); id. (Ku.N.A.B.); id. (Or.H.M.); ha~_ (G.)(CDIAL 14049). Wonder:{Echo word} akkat.a excl. of wonder (Ta.); ak(k)at.a, ak(k)at.akat.a_, kat.akat.a_ interj. expr. pain, sorrow, distress, envy, displeasure, wonder, surprise (Ka.); ak(k)at.a_, akat.akat.a alas! what a pity!; akkat.ika(mu) pity, mercy, compassion; kat.(t.)a_ alas! (Te.); a_h- kas.t.am, ha_ kas.t.am, kas.t.am alas! (Skt.); a_kat.t.a id.; akkat.a (Ap.)(DEDR App.1). akkaja, ar..kaja wonder, surprise; a wonderful thing (Ka.); akkajamu wonder, surprise, astonishment; akkaja pad.u to wonder (Te.); akajaka a_va to be dumbfounded, confounded, confused through fear and awe (Kui)(DEDR 20). aduhu to be perplexed, suffer doubt, become suspicious (Ka.); adangi surprise, astonishment, wonder, fear; adj. surprising, wonderful; a. a_va to be surprised, astonished, wonder at, fear; adlangi bewildered (Kui); addajakka aiyali to be surprised; a. ki_ali to surprise (Kuwi)(DEDR 139). amparakka to be confounded, perplexed; amparappu perplexity (Ma.); amberpu hurry (Ka.); ambarappu hurry, confusion, perplexity (Tu.)(DEDR 172). cf. par-apar-a (-pp-, -tt-) to hasten, hurry; par-ati overhastiness, over-anxiety; par-appan- hasty person; par-appu flying, haste, anxiety (Ta.); pa_runi to run, fly, escape (Tu.)(DEDR 4020). akan.u to be bothered (S.); akkan. to be vexed (L.); akkn.a_ (P.); aka_ foolish, bewildered (Or.); akabaka nonsense; akabakin.o to be puzzled (Ku.); akabakka, akamakka perplexed (N.)(CDIAL 15). ubbega anxiety; sa_pekkha anxious (Pali.lex.)

387.Door: arari_ leaf of a door (Skt.); arari door-leaf, door (Pkt.)(CDIAL 605). a_ri door; cf. arari (Ta.lex.) arari the leaf or panel of a door; kava_t.a, kada (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

224.Image: wild dog: an.d.ikam a wild dog, cyon dukhunensis; a red wild dog, canis dukhenensis = canis primaerus (Ca_mpacivam Pil.l.ai Akara_ti)(Pin..)(T.E.D.; Ta.lex.)

105.Image: dog: acur..am dog (Tiruppu. 132); cf. asura dog (Te.)(Ta.lex.) sun.e dog (Kon.lex.)

301.Disgrace: ayas'as disgraced (S'Br.); infamy (R.); ayasa disgrace (Pkt.); infamy (Si.)(CDIAL 588). yas'as splendour, renown (RV.); yasas fame, success (Pali); yas'o, yaso (As'.); jasa (Pkt.); jas' curative influence; jas respect (WPah.); jas fame (Ku.N.); jasa praise, credit (Or.); jas fame (Mth.Aw.H.G.); success (M.); yasa, yaha honour; adj. good, beautiful; yehen adv. well, prosperously (Si.)(CDIAL 10443). yas'asvin famous (AV.); yasassin famous (Pali)(CDIAL 10443a). niryas'aska inglorious (MBh.); nijassi_ inglorious, infamous (H.)(CDIAL 7381). ayasa disgrace; ayasakara disgraceful (Pali.lex.) occiyam amorous speech, contempt; occiya-col to speak libidinously (Ta.); occiya, occi, occaya, occeya disgrace, opprobrium, impropriety, a lewd expression, contempt (Ka.); occemu disgrace, indignity, insult (Te.)(DEDR 942). occi, oci woman's breast (nursery) (Ta.); on:gu teat, pap (Ka.)(DEDR 943). oci (-v-, -nt-) to be coy, bashful; occi, oci (-pp-, -tt-) to feel abashed, be shy; occam bashfulness, shyness (Ta.); occam id. (Ma.)(DEDR 939).