709.Image: scorpion: ele-ce_r..u a kind of scorpion (Ka.lex.)

710.Image: small particle, drop: lava small particle, drop (Pali.Pkt.); lav particle; adj. small (G.); lava fragment, particle (MBh.)(CDIAL 10974).

711.Sickle: il.a_ sickle; il.i_ bill-hook (M.); ili_ (Skt.)(Bloch, p. 302).

712.Harvest: lava that which is cut off, fleece (Mn.); reaping (Skt.); lav grass dried and twisted into rough cables and kept for fodder (K.); reaping, 20 sheaves of corn (L.); lau crop, a cutting (of grass, corn etc.)(P.)(CDIAL 10974). patlo leaves cut off from the culm of the reed saccharum spontaneum and used for thatching, dead leaves fallen from a tree (H.)(CDIAL 7737). lavaka reaper (Pali); lava_ka sickle (Skt.)(CDIAL 10975). laut.ha_ piece of wood for sharpening a toddy-collector's sickle (Bi.)(CDIAL 10976). lava_pe_ti causes to be reaped (Pali); lavium. to cut (Pkt.); lem, lha_im I cut grain (Kal.); leik to reap, mow (Kho.); loiki (1 sg. lam) to reap; lo_nu, lyo_nu, 1 sg. lam (Sh.); laun.o, lawon.o to reap, collect (Ku.); launa_ to cut, reap (H.); la_pan. to cut ears of tall crops (L.)(CDIAL 10986). lavana reaping (Ka_tyS'r.Pali); lavan.a (Pkt.); launi_ (Bi.); wages for reaping (H.)(CDIAL 10987). lavitra sickle (Pa_n..); latra_ to reap (Ash.); lavitta (Pkt.); letra_ (Wg.); let.ege sickle (Pr.); lye_tr to reap (Dm.Pas'.); le_t (Pas'.); le_ti (Shum.); le_l mowing (Wot..); le_t- to reap (Gaw.); le_tr reaping (Kal.); letri (Kho.); le_c reaping; le_^et.r.i_ sickle (Sh.)(CDIAL 10988). lavya to be cut off (Skt.)(CDIAL 10989). la_va reaping, cutting (Skt.); lau reaping (Psht.); la_w millet (Wg.); rau (Kt.); la_u rice (Wot..); la_v reaping (K.); la_i_ wages for reaping (S.); la_vi_, la_i_ reaping, wages for reaping (L.); la_vi_ a day's labour at reaping (P.); la_u reaping (H.)(CDIAL 11031). la_vaka reaper (Ma_rkP.Pali); la_yaka id. (Pali); la_wa_ hired reaper (P.H.)(CDIAL 11032). la_vayati causes to be cut (Gr.); la_ve_ti (Pali); la_iavva (Pkt.); la_van. row or 40 sheaves in harvest field (one of which is the reaper's wage)(L.); la_uni_ harvest (H.); la_n., la_n.i_ reaping, rice or other grain; la_n.i_ sickle (H.); la_n., la_n.i reaping (Konkan.i); la_yana cutting (Pali)(CDIAL 11035). la_vya to be reaped (Pa_n.. com.); la_b harvesting (Br.)(CDIAL 11036). la_ba_ro harvest (S.)(CDIAL 11037). luban.u to be reaped (S.)(CDIAL 11038). lu_na cut, reaped (MBh.Pali); lu_naka cut (Skt.); lu_n.a (Pkt.); lu_n.adu_ has been cut (of wheat)(Sh.); lu_n^u pp. of lonun to reap (K.)(CDIAL 11094). lu_ni act of reaping (Pa_n.. va_rtt.); atha-lo_n reaping crops by hand (K.)(CDIAL 11095). luna_ti cuts, reaps (TBr.Pali); lunana (Pali); lun.ai, pp. lun.ia (Pkt.); lun- (Bshk.); lu_n.- (Tor.); lu_n- (Phal.); lonun, lo_nun, pp. lu_n^u (K.); lun.an.u, pass. luban.u (S.); lun.na_, lona_i_ reaping (P.); lun.nu_ to cut (grass only); lun.na_ to reap (WPah.); lunia pp. (OAw.); lunna_, nunna_ (H.); lun.ai (OG.); lan.vu~, lan.n.i_ harvesting (G.)(CDIAL 11082). pralu_na cut off (Skt.); pralava chip (S'Br.); palun.i small wickerwork screen to cover doors as a curtain (Ku.)(CDIAL 8763). lava, rave the act of cutting up or off; reaping, mowing, plucking or gathering; lavana an implement for cutting, a sickle (Ka.lex.)

713.Image: quail: lava, la_va a kind of quail; la_va the red spur-fowl, galloperdix spadiceus; la_vaka (Ka.lex.)

714.A list of soldiers: la_van.a a list of soldiers or of public servants (Ka.); la_van.a, la_van.i (Ma.); ila_van.am (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) la_van.i, la_van.ige a mass, a collection, an assembly, a throng (Ka.); la_van.e_m., la_gan.e_m. to place in contact or connection, to join together (M.)(Ka.lex.) Permanent right to hereditary office: ila_van.am, la_van.am conferrring on a person a permanent right to a hereditary office (Coim.); food stuffs and money distributed to the Bra_hmans of the villages on festive occasions by the Na_t.t.ukko_t.t.ai Chettis according to a prepared list; list of soldiers, of recruits for the army; enlistment (Ta.); la_van.amu (Te.); la_van.a (Ka.Ma.); ila_van.amer..utal to enroll recruits; ila_van.n.iya_rccitam private property of a married woman, consisting of that which has been presented to her at her marriage as a token of affection by her father-in-law or mother-in-law (Ta.lex.) To settle or re-settle a village: la_vn.e~ to settle or re-settle (a village, etc.); a place set with trees, plantation (M.)(CDIAL 11017).

715.Olibanum: lo_ba_na olibanum, frankincense; turus.ka, silha (Ka.M.H.)(Ka.lex.)

716.Image: sloping roof: lo_be, lo_ve a sloping affixture to a flat roof; the frame-work of a sloping roof: wood for the support of lo_ve; go_pa_nasi (Ka.lex.)

717.Trough: la_yam stable for horse (Ta.); la_yamu id. (Te.); la_ya id. (Ka.)(Ta.lex.)

718.To pant: ir..u to gasp for breath; ir..uppu asthma (Ta.); ir..ayuka to breathe hard as a dying person; ir..ukkuka to gasp for breath as from asthma (Ma.); el.v to pant; el.vl panting (Ko.); el.f to pant; el.p panting (To.)(DEDR 504b).

719.Image: field-rat: er.go_ a small mouse mostly found in fields (Kur.); er.ge a small field-rat (Malt.)(DEDR 787). cf. elka rat (Kol.Nk. Kond.a); eluka, elika (Te.); hal id. (Br.); eli rat, bandicoot (Ta.Ma.Ka.Kod..Tu.)(DEDR 833). ili a rat, a mouse (Ka.lex.)

720.Earth: el.e, il.e [bhu_va_caka (a word denoting 'earth'), bhu_myartha (the meaning of 'earth'), bu_vi, dare, rannava-sir-al. [belly or abdomen (basir-) containing gems and jewels], pod.avi, pr.thvi, me_dini; cf. pud.avi (Te.); put.avi (Ta.)]; el.ede_ra whose chariot is the earth: S'iva; il.e, ile the earth; nela; water; food; fluids; il.eya piriya, ila_-vr.nda_raka a bra_hman.a (Ka.lex.) ile, ila_ = id.e, ire, il.e, el.e the earth; ile_s'a a king (Ka.lex.) id.e the earth, heaven; the goddess id.a_, the wife of Budha (Ka.lex.) ila_-bhr.ta a king; a mountain; ila_dhi_s'a a king; ila_dhipa id.; ila_tala the surface of the earth (Ka.); ila_ju a resource, a means, a remedy (Ka.M.H.); ila_khe a claim, a right; connection with; a village under a township (Ka.M.H.); jurisdiction; charge, possession; department; district; presidency; ila_-val.aya the circumference of the earth, the terrestrial globe; ila_-vr.ta name of one of the vars.as or divisions of the known world (Ka.lex.) cf. aid.avid.a, ailavila Kuve_ra (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) An annular continent: ilavanti_vu an annular continent (Ta.lex.) il.a_virutavarut.am one of nine divisions of the earth; cf. il.avirutam < il.a_vr.ta a region (me_ruppu_taram cu_r.. varut.a mil.a_virutama_kum : Kantapu. An.t.ako_. 36), i.e. the land surrounded by Mt. Me_ru; cf. ila_vr.tam one of the divisions of the world (pas'ca_nma_lyavatah. pra_cya_m gandhama_danas'ailatah.; ila_vr.tam ni_lagire_rya_myato_ nis.dha_dudak)(Skt.lex.) i.e. situated with ma_lyavata mountain range on the west, gandhama_dana mountains on the east, ni_lagiri mountains on the south and waters of the nis.adha country; [poss. phonet. il.a_virut.a ~~ l.a_vid.a ~~ dravid.a ~~ damila ~~ tamir..: hence, il.avr.tam perh. included Gujarat, the West coast including Malabar, other regions of south India and Sri Lanka; cf. dravid.a name of a country to the south of the wild tract between Kr.s.n.a_ and the Polar; in its larger sense it included the whole of the Coromandel coast to the south of the Go_da_vari_; but in its strict sense it must not have extended beyond the Ka_ve_ri; its capital was Ka_ci, Coonjeevaram situated on the Vegavati_ river 42 miles south-west of Madras (Skt.lex.) cf. ila_ the earth; ilika_ the earth (Skt.lex.); ila_t.am < la_t.a name of a country, prob. modern Gujarat; ila_l.am < la_t.a name of a country (S.I.I. i,83)(Ta.lex.) cf. la_t.a name of a country said to lie to the west of the Narmada_; it prob. included Broach, Baroda, and Ahmadabad, and Khaira (Skt.lex.)

721.Image: big tank: ilavantikai a big tank provided with machinery for refilling as well as emptying, yantira-ya_vi (Man.i. 3,45); royal park encircling a large tank (Cilap. 10,31); ilavanti id. (Cilap. 25,4)(Ta.lex.)

722.Clove: ilavam < lavan:ga clove (Te_va_. 353,2)(Ta.lex.)

723.Clearing-nut: ilavu clearing-nut tree, te_r-r-a_maram (Ta.lex.)

724.Customary fees paid by a bridegroom: il.avat.t.a-p-pan.am a customary present of a quarter-rupee coin which a newly married bridegroom has to pay to the people of the village or villages through which he passes on his return home after his marriage in the bride's house (Rd.); a small present, prob. of the nature of a permit-fee, which a bridegroom who is not a native of the village wherein his marriage is celebrated has to pay to the youths of the locality, just before the usual marriage procession starts in a palanquin (Rd.)(Ta.lex.)

725.Mahua: cf. iluppam-pu_-carkkarai fragmented sugar made from the flowers of: iluppai, iruppai south Indian mahua, bassia longifolia (Perun.. Ucaik. 50,33)(Ta.); iruppa (Ma.); ippa (Te.); ippe (Ka.); ilippa (Ma.); iluppai-k-kat.uku sediment of mahua oil; kernel of mahua seeds; iluppai-ney oil of mahua seeds (Pata_rtta. 158); iluppai-p-pa_l id. (S.I.I. ii,426)(Ta.lex.) cf. semant. 'candied sugar', ayir, ayilam (Ta.lex.) ippe, hippe the tree bassia latifolia, all the parts of which are useful, arrack being distilled from the blossoms, oil extracted from the seeds etc.; Synonyms: madhu_ka, madhu-druma, lo_dhra-pus.pa, gud.apus.pa bassia latifolia (Ka.Tu.Te.); hippe, hippi the refuse or residue of what is squeezed out (Ka.); pippi (Te.); pi_re (Ma.); tippi (Ta.); hippe the refuse or residue of what has been used in the manufacture of spirits (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

726.Orange: i_l.e, il.l.e, hiral.e orange (Ka.); i_d.e the inner division of an orange (Te.); kitte_l.e orange (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) i_d.e a kind of orange (Te.); i_d. citrus aurantium (M.)(DEDR 552). kiccili sylhet orange, citrus aurantium; seville orange, citrus vulgaris (Ta.); kiccili orange (Ma.); kicili, kittal.e, kittil.e an orange; cittul.i orange (Ka.); kittali, kittili, kitl, citturli an orange; citlipul.i a kind of orange; citturli, cittupul.i an orange (Tu.); kiccili, kittali the orange tree (Te.)(DEDR 1512). Citrus aurantium: khatta (H.)(GIMP, p.68).

727.Boat: agat.t.hiya_ a boat (Jain.Skt.); ekat.ha_ boat which came from Nepal and carried 40 to 50 maunds of grain (F. Buchanan, An Account of Bihar and Patna in 1811-27, p.705; loc. cit. Jagdishchandra Jain, Life in Ancient India as depicted in Jaina Canon and Commentaries, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1984, p.155).

728.To proceed: e_gu to go, proceed; (Inscr.) e_gincu to carry the deity in procession through the village streets (Te.)(DEDR 871). ya_ta gone; going, motion; ya_ti going, marching, proceeding; ya_tu a goer; a wayfarer; ya_tr. a goer, a traveller; ya_tre, ja_tre going, travel, march (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) ya_ go (Skt.); ya_ta gone (RV.Pali); ja_ya (Pkt.)(CDIAL 10451). ekkumat.i export (Te.)(DEDR 766). Image: to move away: ikattal to depart, go away; to leave, put away, eradicate (Nan-. Cir-appup.); to overflow, go beyond (Kampara_. Na_t.. 9)(Ta.lex.) ika (-pp-, -nt-) to leave behind, go away from (Ta.); ikaykkuka to move away, part with (Ma.)(DEDR 411).

729.Image: tortoise: ekka_ tortoise (Kur.); eke a kind of small tortoise (Malt.)(DEDR 773).

730.Wild hog: e_kali_d.u wild hog (Te.); ekkala id. (Ka.); akr.a_l, wild pig (Go..)(DEDR 771). e_kalamu wild hog (Te.); ekkala id. (Ka.); akr.a_l, wild pig; ikunda_l boar (Go.)(DEDR 771). e_n-am, e_r-u a hog (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) ekend.a the leader of a herd of wild pigs (Mu.); ekenr.aha (Sadani)(Mu.lex.)

731.Image: phallus-god: e_kalin:ga-de_va an isolated phallus-god; Kuve_ra (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cf. aid.avid.a, ailavila Kuve_ra (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.)

732.To give: e_kuka to give, bestow (Ma.); e_t- allomorph in pres. indefinite, imper., and optionally probable future, of tining to give (Br.)(DEDR 872). cf. tining to give (Br.); taru to give (Ta.)(DEDR 3098).

733.To peel: end^exna_, endaxa'a_na_ to remove the outer envelope from a fruit, clean and trim vegetables (Kur.); en-gde to clear away weeds (Malt.)(DEDR 801). eln:g- to peel off; elkip- (elkit-) id. (Pa.); elun.- to peel (as fruit); elin.p- (elin.t-) to peel off (Ga.); el- to be peeled off; elsp- to peel off (Go.); ebbu to peel (Ka.)(DEDR 843).

734.Image: chest: ed trunk from chest to navel; courage; ed ma.r chest of body (Ko.); e0y courage (To.); ede, edde, erde chest, breast, courage; edega_r-a bold man (Ka.); ede heart, chest, bosom (Tu.); eda heart, mind, wish, breast, fear, alarm (Te.); ed.a~da, ed.d.a the heart, mind, breast (Te.); edram, edrom chest (Pa.); edur-am pl. edur-amku chest (Kond.a)(DEDR 827). cf. itayam < hr.daya heart (Te_va_. 619,1); chest (Ka_cika. Makal.ir. 23)(Ta.lex.) hr.daya heart (RV.); hadaya heart (Pali); hiaa, had.ak(k)a, halaa, hitaa, hitapa (Pkt.); hiad.a, hiad.ulla, hiaulla (Ap.); yilo heart, spirit (Gypsy); zidi_ heart (Ash.); id-em my heart (Shum.); ide (Nin:g.); hida breast; hida_lun:ga part near the heart (Gaw.)(CDIAL 14152). cf. hr.dya in the heart, dear (RV.Pa_n..); Öhr.d heart (Skt.)(CDIAL 14154). cf. hardi heart (Kho.); ha_d. (G.); ha_r., har. (Pas'.); zdi (Dm.); ha_rdi interior or body (RV.); heart (AV.)(CDIAL 14064).

735.Toddy drawer: i_d.iga a man of the toddy-drawer's caste (Ka.); i_d.igava_d.u (Te.); i_d.igitti, i_d.igiti a female i_d.iga (Ka.); i_d.i toddy (Ka.); i_r..a (Ta.); e_li (Ta.); i_n.d.re (Te.)(Ka.lex.) Palm-leaf bucket for irrigation: it.a_r palm-leaf bucket for irrigation; it.a_ id. (Cilap. 10,111, Urai.); kind of measure (Tol. Er..ut. 170, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) Image: palmyra palm; palmyra leaf for writing: e_t.akam palmyra palm, coconut palm; flower (Ta.); id. (Ma.); e_t.u strip of a palmyra leaf for writing, book; petal, flower, eyelid (Ta.); palm leaf, leaf of book, book, flower leaf (Ma.)(DEDR 884). e_t.t.u-p-por-i seal set on a letter written on a palmyra leaf; e_t.t.uvin-ai occupation as writer on palmyra leaves (e_t.t.tuvin-ai-k-kan.akkan : Perum.. Vattava. 10,95; 109); e_t.u-ko_l.a_l.an- accountant (Ta.lex.) Image: leaf: ed.e the leaf, etc. on which food is placed (Ka.lex.)

736.Document writer: er..utu to write, paint, draw; become indented by pressure; er..uttu letter, writing, painting, drawing, membranous intervals on the skull, fancied as lines of destiny (Ta.); picture, letter, learning (Ma.); er..utuka to paint, write, learn (Ma.); er..utikka to cause to paint or write, teach, obtain a document (Ma.); er..uttan writer; painted (Ma.); el.d- (el.dy-) to write (Ko.); el.t writing (Ko.); el.p unjoined suture in top of child's skull (Ko.); el.id- (el.idi-) to write (Kod..); el.iti writing, education (Kod..)(DEDR 853). e_lu, elki mind, reason, thought, wisdom, understanding, remembrance (Kui); e_lu giva to think, remember (Kui); e_d.u wisdom (Kuwi); he_l knowledge, wisdom (Br.); he_l kanning to learn (Br.); he_l tining to teach (Br.)(DEDR 912). cf. racayati fashions (R.); racan.u to form, invent (S.); racnu to make, pass. racinu (N.); racna_ to be made, be formed (H.)(CDIAL 10574). ra_ji streak, line, row (S'Br.); line (Pali); ra_ji_ (MBh.); ra_i_ (Pkt.); wood, thick grove (?M.); rada line (Si.)(CDIAL 10687). vri_sa (vri_si-) to make an incision, furrow or mark, scratch, write, plough, cut up flesh; n. writing; pl. action vri_ska (vri_ski-)(Kui); ra_s- (-t-) to write (Kond.a); ra_cinai to write, paint, record (Kuwi); ra_skinai to limn (Kuwi); ra_c- (-it-) to write; bri_nai to draw (Kuwi); varc- to scratch (Pa.); ra_yap- (ra_yat-) to write (Ga.); rasa_na, ra_sana_, ra_s-, varasa_na_ id. (Go.); varasaval writer, scribe; varsa_na_ to puncture (with the point of a sickle)(Go.); vra_yu, ra_yu, ra_su to write, inscribe, compose, draw, paint, delineate (Te.); ra_s'i gerund having marked (boundaries)(Te.inscr. A.D. 1310); vra~_ta writing, handwriting; vra~_taka~_d.u writer, clerk; vra_yasamu writing, letter, note; ra_yasamu clerkship; vra_yi letter of the alphabet, writing, line; vra_yincu to cause to be written; vra_lu writing, handwriting; varuju to draw or mark a line with a sharp instrument on a plank, etc.; variyu to test metal on the touchstone; baruku to scratch, claw, lacerate, tear, scribble (Te.); baripuni to gash, cut, scratch; bare branding the arm; bareta line, mark, scar, weal, stripe; barepini to write, draw; barepa_vuni to dictate, cause to write; bara_vu writing, manuscript, learning (Tu.); bare stripe, brand-mark, burn made on the body in illness (Kod..); bare, bari to write, draw; bare writing, lines or stripes; barepa, barapa, baraha, bara_, bara_vu writing, drawing, writ, scripture, written letters (Ka.); barasu, barisu, bareyisu, baresu to cause to write, have written; barcan.e paint, colour (Ka.); barcisu to paint, colour (Ka.); varv- (vard-) to write; var letter of the alphabet; scar (Ko.); varayuka, variyuka to draw lines; vari line, rule, row (Ma.); vara line, streak, furrow, wrinkle; varekka to make lines, being wrinkled (Ma.); vari to write, paint, draw; adorn, decorate; n. line, streak, stripe, course (as of bricks), line (as of writing), row; varai to write, inscribe, paint, draw; n. line, wrinkle (Ta.); varaippu writing; varaivu id., painting (Ta.); rajju- a writer (Pkt.)(DEDR 5263).

737.Image: wall: e_d.u_ka, aid.u_ka a building or wall enclosing bones; a building constructed of rubbish, bones, etc. (Ka.lex.) Image: bank: e.ri parapet of well, bund (in paddy-fields, of tank)(Kod..); e_ri large tank, reservoir for irrigation (Ta.Ka.); bank (Ma.)(DEDR 901). Pillar: erur.. pillar, post; strength, might (Tol. Col. 388, Urai.); er-ur..-vali great strength; puissance (Ci_vaka. 785); mighty hero (Ci_vaka. 1723)(Ta.lex.) Fort: eyil fortress, wall, fortification, city, town (Ta.); fortress, wall, city, town (Ma.)(DEDR 808).

738.Image: interval, unfilled space: it.ai middle in space or time, interval, gap, unfilled space, waist (Ta.); it.a, et.a interval, place between, interval of time, middle, waist (Ma.); ed.a, ed.e id. (Ka.); id.e id. (Tu.); ed.avat.t.u middling, inferior (Tu.); ed.a space, interval, distance, difference (Te.); ed.amu intervening space, distance (Te.); er. place or time between (Ko.)(DEDR 448). it.t.e_r-i narrow path between two fields (Ta.); it.ukku narrow passage, straitness, difficulty, poverty (Ma.); it.umpu a narrow passage (Ma.); it.t.il lane between two hedges (Ma.); et.ayi a by-way, lane (Ma.); et.a lane, narrow path (Ma.)(DEDR 445). it.t.u narrow, small; it.t.it.ai smallness, minuteness, obstacle, hindrance (Ta.); it.t.it.aical trouble, straits (Ta.); it.t.itu scantiness, slenderness (Ta.); it.t.imai smallness, narrowness (Ta.); it.t.al.am crowd, throng, insufficient air-space, difficulty, affliction (Ta.); it.t.al.appat.u to be brought together as fragments and concentrated within a small area (Ta.); id.aku, id.anku, id.uku, id.ugu narrowness, closeness, trouble (Ka.); it.t.u state of being close, narrow, pressed, thronged (Ka.); it.t.an.isu, it.t.al.isu thronged, abundant, assemble in large numbers (Ka.); it.t.an.a, it.t.al.a a crowd, throng, mass, abundance (Ka.); it.t.id.e narrowness (Tu.); ed.enkilu corner, predicament (Tu.); it.t.alamu great, abundant (Te.); id.igeda a few (Ga.)(DEDR 445). it.a-y-it.ai at frequent intervals (Ta.lex.) it.ukku narrow lane, parting between fingers, cleft in split wood (Ta.); it.ankar narrow path (Ta.); it.ukkal, it.uval crevice (Ta.); it.ukkan.i corner, nook (Ta.)(DEDR 445).

739.Image: narrow space: it.ukku narrow lane, parting between fingers, crevices between the teeth, cleft in split wood, any place where a person or thing may get pressed or wedged in, difficulty, trouble, straits; it.ukkam closeness, narrowness of space, trouble; it.ukkal, it.uval crevice; it.un:ku (it.un:ki-), it.uku (it.uki-) to shrink, contract; it.ukkan- misery, distress; it.ukkan.i corner, nook; it.akkar being close and crowded; it.an:kar narrow path; it.aical narrowness, closeness, trouble; it.t.u small, narrow; it.t.it.ai smallness, minuteness, obstacle, hindrance; it.t.it.aical trouble, straits; it.t.itu scantiness, slenderness; it.t.imai smallness, narrowness; it.t.al.am crowd, throng insufficient air-space, difficulty, affliction; it.t.al.appat.u to be brought together as fragments and concentrated within a small area; it.t.e_r-i narrow path between two fields (Ta.); it.ukku narrow passage, straitness, difficulty, poverty; it.un.n.uka to be straitened, contracted; it.ukkuka to confine; it.an.n.u strait; it.umpu a narrow passage; it.t.il lane between two hedges; et.ayi a by-way, lane; et.a lane, narrow path (Ma.); id.aku, it.aku, it.uku, id.an:ku, id.iku, id.uka, id.uku, id.ugu narrowness, closeness, straitness, difficulty, trouble; it.t.u state of being close, narrow, pressed, thronged; it.t.an.isu, it.t.al.isu to be close, thronged, crowded, abundant, assemble in large numbers; it.t.an.a, it.t.al.a a crowd, throng, mass, abundance (Ka.); it.t.id.e narrowness; ed.en:kilu corner, predicament (Tu.); it.t.alamu great, abundant (Te.); id.igeda a few (Ga.)(DEDR 445). Image: be separated, as joints: it.ai (-v-, -nt-) to make room, get out of the wayl, retreat, fall back; it.ampu (it.ampi-) to keep aloof (Ta.); it.ayikka, it.ekka to disunite, separate; it.accal family discord, separation (Ma.); ed.ayu to be separated or disunited, remove; ed.ayika separation; ed.apu to break, separate, disunite; ed.agilu to stand aside, get out of the way; ed.agala, ed.agalaga further off, at a little distance; ed.amuga at a distance, aloof; ed.alu to be broken, be separated (as joints); ed.alincu to separate, remove, loosen; ed.al(u)cu to remove, take off (as clothes); ed.avu distant, remote; davvu distance; distant (Te.); davva, dauta_n distant (Kol.); dha_v distance (Nk.); id.-e_r- to get separated (Ga.); er.are to keep aloof, get away; er.atre to separate, remove (Malt.); (h)ar.sing to turn something back or round, get back again, recover, (disease) attacks again; har.se_nging to turn oneself back, return, turn oneself round, take a turn, turn (of milk), be turned (of the stomach); har.se_fing to make to return, withhold (Br.); dhava far, distant (Nahali)(DEDR 446). To break: et.na_ (et.t.as) to tear to pieces, lacerate (Kur.); refl.-pass. et.rna_ (Kur.); et.e to deface, destroy; et.gre to be broken, be defaced; et.gro broken, defaced; et.ro a broken winnowing fan (Malt.)(DEDR 785). Image: to butt; to quarrel: it.u (it.uv-, it.t.-) to hit against; it.a_cu (ita_ci-) to strike, collide; it.i (-pp-, -tt-) to butt, hit against, kill; n. stroke, blow, push (Ta.); it.ayuka to hit against, press against, quarrel; it.accal a quarrel; it.accil conflict; it.i stroke, blow, shock, bruising, pounding; it.ikka to beat, bruise (Ma.); id.- (it.-) to beat; i.r. a blow; ir.yl act of striking a blow (Ko.); id.- (it.-) to hit against (To.); id.aku to beat, cuff (Ka.); id.i to pound, beat; id.u (it.t.-) to hit; d.ikka_, d.ikki, d.i_, d.i_ku a butt with the head (Ka.); ed.an:kuni to hit, kick; ed.apuni, ed.upuni, ed.puni to thump, strike with the fist, pound in a mortar (Tu.); d.i_ a butt with the head; d.i_konu to butt, encounter, attack, meet, oppose (Te.); ir.- to strike (Kol.); r.ey, r.i_- to beat, strike (Kond.a); ir.- (ir.t-) id., throw (stone)(Pe.); ir.ya'a_na_ to kick (Kur.)(DEDR 443). it.ar affliction, distress, trouble, poverty; it.ai trouble, difficulty, check, impediment; it.aiyi_t.u, it.aiyu_r-u obstacle; it.umpu cruelty, oppression, tyranny; it.umpai suffering, affliction, distress, calamity, evil, harm, injury, disease, poverty; it.acal obstruction, hindrance, trouble (Ta.); it.ar trouble, grief, impediment, hindrance; it.ayu_r-u obstacle; it.ampuka to obstruct (Ma.); id.aru, id.uru, id.ru, ed.aru, ed.ru impediment, hindrance, trouble, enmity; ed.ar-, ed.ar-u poverty, indigence, ruin (Ka.); ed.aru misfortune; ed.d.ami misfortune, calamity; ed.d.amu prevention; id.uma calamity, misfortune, trouble, hardship, evil, ill; d.epparamu, depparamu danger, peril; (inscr.) ed.ar-u to obstruct (Te.)(DEDR 435). cf. er.ex-er.pa_ prison, gaol; er. obstruction (Kur.)(DEDR 788). etir that which is opposite, over against, in front, before; obstacle, that which is contrary, adverse, hostile; adv. in front; (-v-, -nt-) to happen, befall, come to pass in future, precede, be opposed, be at variance; oppose, confront, meet; (-pp-. -tt-) to meet face to face, encounter, oppose, withstand, prevent, hinder; etirnto_r adversaries, combatants; etirmai happening in future; etirvu meeting, confronting, happening; etiri enemy (Ta.); etir opposite, adverse; etirkka to attack, face, resist; etirppu opposition, what crosses one's way, bad omen (Ma.); edyr enemy (Ko.); o0ir openly, (to lie) on one's back (To.); idir, idaru, iduru, edaru, edir, edur that which is opposite, the front, in front, that which is hostile, opposition; idircu, idirisu, edarisu, edirisu, edurisu to face (generally in a hostile manner), oppose, withstand, come into hostile contact; edara_yisu, edira_yisu, edura_yisu to oppose, contradict (Ka.); edike in front (Kod..); eduru the front, that which is opposite, presence (Tu.); eduru the front, the point directly opposite, the presence, the forepart, an opponent; opposite, front; vb. to oppose, resist, act against; edut.a adv. in front; ediri opponent, foe; edirincu, edurucu to oppose, resist, act against, face, encounter (Te.); edru opposite, in front (Kond.a)(DEDR 795).

740.Moves; stumbles: hin.d.ate_ moves, wanders (Dha_tup.); hin.d.ati roams (Pali); him.d.ai goes, wanders, strolls (Pkt.); hi~d.n.e~, hinn.e_ pl. legs of a quadruped (WPah.); hi~r.nu to walk (N.); hin.d.iba_ to move about, wander (Or.); hi~d.na_ to move, walk (H.); hi_m.d.ai (OG.); hi~d.vu~ (G.); hi~d.n.e~ (M.)(CDIAL 14089). hin.d. move (Skt.); hi~_d.u, i~d. flock (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 14088). in.d.o_l bachelor (Dm.); hin.d.a_u bachelor; hin.d.au barren woman (Kal.); hin.d.a_l bachelor, spinster, widow; adj. childless, barren (of women and animals)(Kho.); hi~r.a_lnu to make move (N.)(CDIAL 14090). hit.n.o to move, walk (Ku.); hit.nu (N.); hit.iba_ to slip down, stumble, be opened (Or.)(CDIAL 14086). For semant. 'stumble' cf. it.ar-u to stumble (Ta.); ed.gu to stumble (Ka.)(DEDR 437).

741.To be dashed against: it.ar-u (it.ar-i-) to stumble, strike one's foot against, kick, obstruct; n. obstacle; it.ar-al stumbling, obstacle (Ta.); it.ar-uka to stumble, trip, falter, hesitate; it.arcca stumbling, hesitation; it.ampuka to stumble, knock against, oppose, walk with difficulty; it.ampal contrareity; it.antuka to walk with difficulty (Ma.); id.- (id.y-) to limp (To.); id.ar-u, ed.ar-u to stumble, trip; ed.acu, ed.agu difficulty, esp. in speaking; ed.gu to stumble; ed.ahu to stumble, commit a mistake; n. stumbling; ed.ahuha stumbling, deviating from the right course (Ka.); d.an:ku to stumble (Ka.); et.t.uni id.; ed.an:ku, d.an:ku, dan:ku, don:ku id., hit against; dumpiyuni, dompu to stumble (Tu.); d.akki id. (Kor.); d.ekku to hinder, prevent, arrest (Te.); ir.mbe, ir.pe to tumble, be dashed against (Malt.)(DEDR 437).

742.Herdsman: it.ai the herdsman caste; it.aiyar men of the herdsman caste inhabiting the mullai country; fem. it.aicci (Ta.); it.ayan, et.ayan the middle caste of shepherds and cowherds, rather foreigners in Malabar; fem. it.acci (Ma.); it.as's'e_ri herdsmen's quarter (Ma.)(DEDR 450). it.aiyar literally people inhabiting the middle region, applied specially to herdsmen as those who graze their cattle in regions known as mullai or forest pasture lying midway between hilly tracts or kurici and the plains of marutam (Tivya. Periyati. 11,8,6) (Ta.lex.) Herdsman; guarding: it.ai the herdsman caste; it.aiyar men of the herdsman caste inhabiting the mullai country (Tiv. Periyati. 11,8,6); fem. it.aicci (Ta.); it.ayan, et.ayan the middle caste of shepherds and cowherds, rather foreigners in Malabar; fem. it.acci; it.as's'e_ri herdsmen's quarter (Ma.); in.t.ar shepherds (Tiv.Tiruppal.5); end.e_ra herdsmen (Si.)(DEDR 450). an.t.ar, in.t.ar shepherds (Ta.); an.t.ar id. (Ma.)(DEDR 125). adhis.t.a_yaka guarding (Skt.); adhit.t.ha_yaka guarding; director (Pali); ahit.t.haga superintendent (Pkt.); ahi_t.a_, ahit.a_ field watchman (H.)(CDIAL 263). cf. nanda cowherd (Skt.lex.)

743.Image: prehensile claws: it.ukku (it.ukki) to take between the fingers or toes, grasp as with pincers, press or squeeze as between two boards; n. prehensile claws as those of a scorpion or of a lobster (Ta.); claws of a lobster (Ma.); it.ukki pincers, tongs, tweezers, steel trap, prehensile chela of a crab or a scorpion (Ta.); pincers, tongs, forceps (Ma.); ikl. tongs (Ko.); ikkur.., ikkur..a, ikkar..a, ikr..a pair of tongs, pair of pincers (Ka.);id.aku to pinch, tweak (Ka.); ir..kur..i tongs, pincers (Ka.); id.umbulu (in wrestling) the act of seizing each other tightly with both hands (Te.); ikkul.i, ikkul.e, ikkul.u pair of pincers or tongs (Te.); d.i_pa tongs, pincers (Kui); id.aku to pinch, tweak (Ka.); Vice in a turner's lathe: it.t.it.ai vice in a turner's lathe (Ta.); it.ukkuka to press, pinch (as a crab)(DEDR 444). Synonyms of ikkar..a: la_l.i, tan.d.asa, ga_l.uka (Ka.lex.) Image: trap: it.a_r trap for squirrels or rats (J.); cf. at.a_r (Ta.lex.) id.aku to pinch, to tweak; to press (Ka.lex.) id.iku to be thronged, to be close together; id.ir.. the state of being crooked (Ka.lex.) zak crowd (A.); ja~_k (B.); ja_ka (Or.); adj. tight, narrow (Or.); ja_kiba_ to tighten (Or.); jakar.na_ to tighten (P.); ja~_kar. pledge, deposit (B.); jakar.iba_ to hold tightly, be tight (Or.); jakar.na_ to tighten, bind, put in the stocks (H.); jakar.nu to arrest (N.); jakar.vu~ to tighten, bind (G.); jak(h)ad.n.e~ (M.); yata restrained, proffered (RV.)(CDIAL 10400). Control: yanti control (Pa_n..com.); jat.l. control, possession (WPah.)(CDIAL 10406). jan.t.l.or. long string round spinning wheel (WPah.)(CDIAL 10413). ede, hede a bow-string (Ka.lex.)

744.Image: crab: e_d.i = esad.i a crab (Ka.lex.) en.d.raka_yi id. (Ka.); en.d.raka_ye, en.d.i (Te.); esad.i a crab (Ka.); an.t.u, an.t.u, nan.t.u (Ta.); n.an.d.u (Ma.); id.aku to pinch, tweak; to press (Ka.); it.ukku (Ta.Ma.)(Ka.lex.)

744a.Image: pinch, compress: ir-aku, id.aku, ir-an:ku, ir-eku, ir-uku, irku, iliku to be closely confined or squeezed; to fonfine, to compress, to squeeze, to press, to pinch (Ka.); iri (Tu.); ir-aku the state of being close, confined, squeezed, or straitened; ir-akuda_ri a narrow, difficult path (Ka.lex.)

745.Image: pole of plough: e_d.iko_la the pole or shaft of a plough (Te.); e_n.t.a (pl. e_n.t.en) ploughshaft (Kond.a); entikarra cart-shaft (Kuwi)(DEDR 888).

746.Kubera: aid.avid.a, ailavila name of Kubera (Skt.Ka.lex.) ail.avil.i Kubera (Ma.lex.) aid.a Puru_ravas, son of Id.a_ (RV. x.95.18); aila a descendant of Ila_, Puru_ravas (Vedic.lex.) e_le_s'ake_tayya, e_le_s'varada ke_tayya, e_le_s'varana ke_tayya a name (Ka.lex.)[ke_tana a flag, banner; splendour (Ka.lex.)] God of wealth: ailavila, aid.avid.a kuve_ra, the god of wealth; kuve_ra, kube_ra the god of wealth and regent of the north, S'iva's friend (Ka.lex.); e_la_vila, ailavila name of Kube_ra; ilavila_ name of the wife of Vis'ravas and mother of Kube_ra, hence the name ailavila for Kube_ra (Skt.lex.) Image: phallus-god: e_kalin:ga-de_va an isolated phallus-god; Kuve_ra (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cf. aid.avid.a, ailavila Kuve_ra (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) ?cf. id.ir.., ed.ar..u the state of being crooked (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

746a. Dammer-resin: it.ar-cam black dammer tree, kukkil, kun:kiliyam, black dammer-resin; < guggulu, tripterocarp dammar, shorea; konkani resin, boswellia serrata glabra (Mu_. A.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

746b. Pomp:vid.a_yi, vid.a_ya grand display; pomp; greatness; might (Ka.); vid.aujas Indra (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.)

746c.Gentleman: ayira, ayyira n.-adj. (Vedic a_rya, metathesis for ariya as diaeretic form of a_rya, of which the contracted (assimilation) form is ayya.); ariyan nobleman, gentleman (opp. servant); adj. ariyan well-born, belonging to the ruling race, noble, aristocratic, gentlemanly; ayira_ lady, mistress (of a servant); v.l. oyyaka_; voc. ayire, ayye my lady; ariyaka = ayira; ayya gentleman, sire, lord, master; worthy, honourable; pl. nom. as voc. ayya_ in addressing several; ayya-putta son of an ariyan, i.e. an aritocratic (young) man gentleman; lord, master; prince; ayyaka grandfather, forefather, ancestors; ayyaka_ grandmother, granny; ariya noble, distinguished; right, good, ideal; -alamariya fully or thoroughly good; anariya ignoble, undignified, low; ariya-dhana sublime treasure; ariya-voha_ra noble or honorable practice. [There are four, abstinence from lying, from slander, from harsh language, from frivolous talk]. (Pali) (Pali.lex.) aytana the state of being an ayya or jan:gama (Ka.); ayya a master, a lord; a grandfather, a father; a jan:gama (Ka.); ayye a teacher, a schoolmaster (Tu.); ayya id. (Te.Ta.Ma.)(Ka.lex.) jan:gama a walking lin:ga: a lin:gavanta of a higher position brought about by a kind of di_ks.e, also called an ayya, whose feet and lin:ga are worshipped by the other lin:gavantas, who lives either by begging and eating in the houses of the various castes of the lin:gavantas or by trading and may be made a guru (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

780.Wife: er-ati a mistress: the wife of Ka_ma (Ka.); ir-aivi the mistress of a house (Ta.); er-e the state of being a master or husband (Ka.lex.)

781.Anyone who is great: ere anyone who is great (Ka.); ir-ai anyone who is great, as one's father or gur or any renowned and illustrious person (Tol. Po. 256; Tiva_.); king, sovereign, monarch (Kur-al., 547); Supreme God (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 1,3,6); height (Pur-ana_. 17,27); superior, master, chief (Tiva_.); husband as lord of his wife (Tiv. Periyati. 2,3,5)(Ta.lex.) Wife: era wife, female, applied to women only and generally as a mark of respect; hopon era, hopon erat a daughter; era hopon a man's family; saheb era the wife of an Englishman; majhi era the village chief's wife; jaher era the goddess of the sal grove; gosa~e era a female santal deity; kisa~r. era the master's wife; budhi era an old woman (respectful); era uru wife and children; nabi era a prophetess; diku era a Hindu woman; era uru gidar pidar doko bagi ot.oatkoa they left the women and children behind (Santali.lex.) i_r pron. personal pronoun, honorific plural of i_ (you)(Tu.lex.) er.on. you yourself, you yourselves, just so; am er.on.em agukedina, ado nitok dom jobaban kana you yourself brought me, and now you are dismissing me (Santali.lex.) Friendship, nearness: erako friendship, nearness (Tu.lex.) a_r.i_ a friend, a companion; ar.i_a_, ar.i_e interj. oh! ho! halloo! friend! (addressed to a man or woman by females generally) (P.lex.) aryamya intimate, very friendly (RV.); aryaman, arya (RV.); a_jama most respectful, worshipful (OG.); a_jam mod. epithet for a great or honoured person (OG.)(CDIAL 689). a_rya an Aryan; a_rya_ (RV.); noble, respectable (Mn.); ayya worthy; gentleman; ayya_ (Pali); aya-puta prince (As'.); aryag'a a title (NiDoc.); ajja noble; master, mother's or father's father (Pkt.); a_jo free, at liberty (S.); aya person (Si.); ariya, ana_riya (Pali); a_riya, a_riya_ (Pkt.); ari- in cmpds. 'excellent' (Si.)(CDIAL 1347). a_ryaka respectable man, grandfather (MBh.)(CDIAL 1348). Ceremony for ancestors: a_ryaka ceremony performed in honour of departed ancestors (Skt.); a_ja-pu_ja_ worship (N.); -ayika oblation (Si. insc.) (CDIAL 1349). ariya adj. [Vedic a_rya, of uncertain etym. The other Pali forms are ayira, ayya] 1. (racial) Aryan; 2. (social) noble, distinguished, of high birth; 3. (ethical) in accord with the customs and ideals of the Aryan clans, held in esteem by Aryans, generally approved. Hence: right, good, ideal; adj. ariya ena si_lakkhand.hena samanna_gata fitted out with our standard morality; ariya_ya ja_tiya_ ja_to, become of the Aryan lineage; alamariya fully or thoroughly good; na_lamariya not at all good, object, ignoble; ariya_nan anupava_daka one who defames the noble; ariya_nan adassa_vin not recognising the nobles ones; anariya adj. and n. not Ariyan, ignoble, undignified, low, common, uncultured; ariya-a_vaka_sa appearing noble; ariya-uposatha the ideal feast day; ariya-kanta loved by the best; ariya-gan.a_ pl. troops of worthies (Pal.lex.) ariya precious, dear, excellent, rare, difficult; arumai rareness (Ta.); aru (Te.); arudu (Ka.); arumakka_ran- priest of the kon:gu ve_l.a_l.as (Ta.lex.) a_raf < a_rif (Arab.) wise, sagacious, ingenious;skilled in divine matters, possessing knowledge of god and his kingdom, and of the way of walking well with Him; pious, devout; a holy man, a saint (P.lex.) nahar, na_har a tribe of lodhi pat.ha_ns who formerly ruled in the southern part of the Dera Ghazi Khan and Muzaffargarh districts. In 1450 AD Bahlol Lodi became king of Delhi and granted the triangular piece of country lying between Harand, Kasmor and Sitpur to Islam Khan, Lodi or Nahar, for which during the seventy-six years (1450-1526) of the Lodi dynasty the nahars paid no revenue... Nahars are still to be found in Sitpur, Bhagsar, Harand and in Sind ... (P. lex.) na_yima_r a Nair of Kerala; a Malayalee (Tu.lex.) nayin-a_r < na_ya lord (T.A.S. i,93); lord, master (W.); title especially of Jains; a deity; Citragupta (Ta.lex.) cf. naeke the village priest of the Santals; nahi a prophet, to prophesy (Santali.lex.)

789.Region including the forests; pasture tract: a_riya-na_t.u a region including dan.d.aka_ranya (Patir-r-p. 6, Pati, Urai.); a_riyappira_man.ar a sect of bra_hmans in Rame_swaram who have certain rights in the temple and are believed to be immigrants from north India; a_riyam sacred land of the a_ryas (Aka. Ni.); Sanskrit, the language of the a_ryas (Kampara_. Pampa_. 14); a_riya-ve_l.ar-kolli a secondary melody-type of the pasture tract (Pin..); a_riyan < a_rya one who is an arya by race (Te_va_. 844,5); inhabitant of a_rya_vartta (Cilap. 23, Kat.t.urai.); worthy, respectable man, venerated person (Aka. Ni.); guru, spiritual preceptor (Tiruva_ca. 1,64); scholar, learned man (Tiva_.); teacher (Ilak. Kot. 8); the god aiyan-a_r (Cu_t.a_.); a_riyan- < ana_rya barbarian, foreigner, aborigines; a_riya_varttam the tract of country in India lying between the Hima_layas and the Vindhya mountains, the sacred land of the a_ryas (Ta.lex.) na_kari the Sanskrit script; na_karam < na_gara id. (Civataru. Civaja_n-ata_. 32); na_yan-te_ a term of addres meaning 'my lord' (I_t.u, 4,3,5); nayintai superior, leige, lord; the master of a slave, among some castes; a term of respect among some castes (W.); na_yan-ma_r gods (I_t.u, 7,2,11); canonized s'aiva saints whose history is narrated in Periyapura_n.am (Ta.); na_yut.u title of the na_yak caste (Ta.lex.) na_yka one of the community names in Tuluva (Tu.lex.)

747.Mahua: ayilam bark of the mahwa root, iluppaive_rppat.t.ai (Ira_cavait.)(Ta.lex.) ira_ food; spirituous liquor; aire_yam spirituous liquor (prepared fromk ira_)(Skt.lex.) aila-br.da procuring plenty of food (VS. xvi.60; TS. iv.5.11.1)(Vedic.lex.) ailam food, a quantity of food (Skt.lex.) aid.a containing anything that refreshes or strengthens (VS. xv.7)(Vedic.lex.) ayilam bark of the mahwa root (Ira_cavait.) (Ta.lex.) cf. ayil-tal to eat (Tiruvil.ai. Uk. Ve_lval.ai. 60); to drink (Kantapu. Caravan.a. 33)(Ta.lex.) cf. ayilai a fish as edible (Akana_. 60); ayin-i food (Malaipat.u. 467); ayin-i-ni_r water mixed with rice, saffron and lime, waved before the married couple, or at the close of an auspicious ceremony (Kampara_. Mitilai. 51)(Ta.lex.)

748.Image: javelin: ayil javelin, lance (Jn-a_. 33)(Ta.); ayil (Ma.); surgical knife, lancet (Ja_n-a_. 30); ayilavan- Skanda as bearing a javelin (Tiruppu. 312)(Ta.lex.)

749.Measure: it.a this quantity, so much as this; it.u, is.t.u, i_t.u id. (Ka.); it.u thus (Te.) (Ka.lex.) yati as many as (RV.); jai id. (Pkt.); jai (P.H.)(CDIAL 10402). eta_ adv. < yatha_ always used as a relative, and in Tamil generally in compounds, in which manner, as much as, eppat.i (Ta.lex.) yatra in as much as (Pali)(CDIAL 10405). yatha_ in which manner (RV.); just as (Pali); yatha, yatham., yatha_, atha_ (As'.); yatha (Dhp.); yadha (Dhp.); jadha_, jaha_ (Pkt.); ja~_ after the manner of (S.)(CDIAL 10407). it.ai-vari, et.ai-vari tax on measures and weights (Ta.lex. Inscr.) i_t.t.ukki_t.u measure for measure (Ta.lex.) it.ai a measure of weight = 100 palam (Ta.lex.) et.ai weighing (Ta.); a measure of weight = 25 palam (G.Tn.D. i,237); a weight for weighing firewood = 54 lbs. (C.G.); ettu weighing (Te.Ka.); et.aik-kat.t.u allowance made for the weight of a receptacle before weighing its contents; et.aikket.ai like weight, even weight; et.ai-kat.t.utal to weigh; to allow for the weight of the receptacle for the thing purchased; et.aivari an ancient tax on weights (Ta.inscr.); Notch: et.ai-va_y notches marked upon a rod used in weighing; en. calculation, computation (Ci_vaka. 2353, Urai.); en. id. (Ma.); it.ai a measure of length, breadth, thickness; it.ai weight (Orutur-aik. 185); a measure of weight = 100 palam (Ka.lex.) Notch: it.t.ar-a wooden block with a notch, used by carpenters to wedge in planks in order to work them (Ma.); it.t.are, it.t.ire a mortice, cavity cut into a piece of timber to receive the end of a beam or plank; a stone placed under a beam (Tu.)(DEDR 454). ettan-ai how many; how much, what measure, what degree (Tiv. Periya_r... 5,3,8)(Ta.lex.) So much; very little: ittini very little (Ta.); ittiri, icciri id. (Ma.); is's'i a little (Ma.); isumanta adj., adv. a litt,e a particle, a jot; incuka a little; adv. a little somewhat (Te.); ijik a little (Go.); izri small, little (Kond.a); icuk a little (Mand..); icki, icke little, small, tiny (Pe.); icci, ici, i_ci small (Kuwi); uccai, hu_cai (Kuwi)(DEDR 410). iyattaka, iyattika_ so little (RV.); ittiya so much (Pkt.); iti so much, so many (Wg.); itti_ so big (L.); iti thus far (Or.); itta_ so much (H.); itau (Braj.); i_to, ito (OMarw.); ita_ much, very (Si.); ittila (Pkt.); ittla_, itra_, itn.a_ (P.); itro, itn.o, ituk (Ku.); itna_, itak (H.); i_taro, i_tano (OMarw.); itka_ (M.); ettaka (Pali); ettaa (Pkt.); ettia (Pkt.); etta_ (P.); etti_, etr.a_ (WPah.); yati (N.); eta (B.); ete (Or.); et (Mth.); etta_ (Aw.); ettila, ettula (Pkt.); etiro (S.); etna_ (P.); eteka (A.); etaka, etiki (Or.); etna_, etek (Mth.); e_tna_ (Bhoj.); etalau (OG.); et.lu~ (G.); etakin, etekin by that much (Si.); utti_, utla_ (L.); utn.a_ (P.); utta_, utna_ (H.)(CDIAL 1589). i_yant so much (RV.)(CDIAL 1591). hur.in, hud.in small, little, few etc.; hud.ur.i, hud.ur.in, hud.ul, hur.ur.i very small, very little etc. (Mu.lex.)

750.Image: rafter on roof: etirkkai slanting timber forming a continued line with the ridge and uniting in an angle formed by the slanting hip; rafters on either end of a hipped or bungalow roof (W.)(Ta.lex.) yati restraint (TS.); jai_ space between top of wall and the roof which rests on the outer edge of it (M.)(CDIAL 10403).

751.Image: to gore as a bull: it.a-ttal to gore as a bull. to root up as a hog (Tiv. Iyar-. 1,23)(Ta.lex.)

752.Bark: it.a-ttal to be stripped off, as the outer covering (S.I.I. 93,49); to peel off (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.)

753.Image: bull allowed to roam at liberty: id.vara, it.cara a bull allowed to roam about at liberty (Ka.lex.) Image: pack-ox: et.uttan- pack-ox (Ta.lex.) ettu, er..tu, eddu an ox, a bullock, uks.a (Ka.); erutu, e_r-u (Ta.Ma.); eddu (Te.); eru an ox; a male buffalo (Tu.); ettinava a bullock-man; etto_du a reading with the capacity of a bullock, i.e. reading, remembering and digesting (as the bullock chews the cud)(Ka.)(Ka.lex.) To rise: etta lifting up, raising; reaching, obtaining (Ka.); finding out an item in an account (Ka.); ettu id. (Te.); ettike lifting (Ka.); ettuval.i collecting or gathering money; ettuvike raising etc. (Ka.lex.) Image: place with a good view: edkuy high place from which to see things, place with a good view (Ko.); o0wil.y place with good view (To.)(DEDR 799). Image: an elevated arm with finger's extended: ettagey, ettakey = ettugey a (man's) elevated arm with the fingers extended; ettageyyudda the height to which a man reaches with an arm elevated and its fingers extended (Ka.lex.) er..u to rise (as from seat or bed), ascende (as heavenly body), rise by one's own power (as a bird), appear, originate, be excited, aroused, increase, , grow (as a tree, breasts), return to life, awake, spread (as fame, rumour), begin, commence; er..al enthusiasm, elation, originating; er..ucci rising, ascent, elevation, starting (as of an idol in procession), origin, birth, appearance, beginning; er..uppu to cause or help to rise, erect (a building), awake, rouse, restore to life, excite, stimulate, instigate, agitate, inflame (as the passions), raise (as the voice in speaking or singing); rousing, waking; er..uppam rising, getting up, growth, height, elevation; er..umpu = er..u empu to rise, spring up; er..umai height; er..uvu to cause to rise; evvu to rise; et.u (-pp-, -tt-) to take up, raise, bear, carry, hold up, weight in a balance, undertake, utter or sing in a loud voice, speak highly of, choose, build (as a wall), remove; be inflated (as a monkey's cheeks), be high (as the forehead), be prominent (as nose or ear); et.ukkal lifting; et.uttal weight, measurement by balance; et.uppu elevation, superiority, undertaking, arrogance, superciliousness; et.uppu to awake, produce (as harmonious sounds from an instrument), dispel, drive away; et.ai weighing, weight, rousing from sleep, lengthening, increasing; it.ai weight; et.ci height, prominence (Ta.); er..uma rising; er..umpuka = er..uka; et.ukka to raise, lift, take up; et.uppu raising, taking up, harvest; er..uka to rise (hon. of ra_ja's moving)(Ma.); er.v- (er.d-) (smoke) rises up, spring up from position, fly; er. weight (Ko.); or.f- (or.t-) to carry, place (corpse) on fire, arouse from sleep (To.); er.., e_r.. (er..d-), e_r..u (edd-) to stand up, rise, awake, spring up, be produced, be obtained (Ka.); er.. rising; er..bu, ebbu to rise (Ka.); er..bisu, er..visu, ebbisu, erbu, ebbu to rouse, awaken, lift up, raise, take away, give life (Ka.); er..isu to cause to rise, raise, etc. (Ka.); e_r..ige, e_r..ge, e_r..uvike, e_r..vike, e_r..uha rising, growth, greatness, elation, haughtiness (Ka.); e.l.- (e.v, edd-) to get up; raise up, make to get up (Kod..); erkuni to rise or collect (as water in a place), puff up, swell (Tu.); erpuni to lift up; erku rising or accumulation (as of water)(Tu.); adj. exceeding (Tu.); erke, erkelu rising; erka fullness; adj. full (Tu.); erte flood tide (Tu.); en.n.i to lift; en.n.ali to carry a child (Kor.); d.in- to stand on one's toes; d.inga_na_ to become erect (obscene)(Go.); d.e_k- to carry on the shoulder (Mand..); d.e_nja (d.e_nji-) to be raised, uplifted, weighed; n. an uplift (Kui);[cf. senga (sengi-) to climb; n. act of climbing; senger.i ladder (Kui); hreg- (-t-) to climb (Kuwi)(DEDR 2752)]; pl. action d.e_ska (d.e_ski-); d.e_spa (d.e_st-) to raise, lift, uplift, rear, build, praise, flatter, weigh; n. act of raising, erection, flattery, weighing (Kui); d.ehka (d.ehki-) to carry on the shoulders; n. act of carrying, etc.; d.e_ka to carry on the shoulder (Kui); dekali, de_ki'nai, d.e_k- (-it-) to carry (Kuwi); he_fing, harfing to raise, lift up, support, carry, tolerate, carry off, lead off (Br.)(DEDR 851a). et- (eyt-) to take (by picking up and carrying), raise (as legs to the sky when one is knocked down), build (house)(Ko.); ettu to lift, raise, take up, hold up, exhibit, raise up; etta, ettu lifting up, raising, undertaking (Ka.); ettike, ettuvike lifting, raising, etc. (Ka.); ettisu to cause to raise, take up, lift up, erect, etc. (Ka.); ettu to carry a child (Ka.); ettarsu to raise (Ka.); ettuni to raise a subscription or tax; ettaruni to ascend, climb; ettara high; height; ettige a collection (Tu.); ettu to lift up, raise, take away, steal; n. height, elevation, weight, a load; adj. high, elevated (Te.): ettincu to cause to be raised, lifted, erected; ettaramu, ettaravu high, elevated (Te.); et- (ett-) to lift up (Kol.); ett- to lift (Nk.); etip- (etit-) id. (Pa.); ett- to take or carry (child) in arms, lap; att- to carry child on hip; atta_na_ to take in one's lap (Go.); et- to carry on waist (Mand..); eta (eti-) to carry a child on the hip supported by a cloth around it (Kui); etali, et- (-it-) to carry child on hip (Kuwi); et- to join hands in salutation (Ko.)(DEDR 796). Rising ground; embarkation: e_ta (fr. e_r-uta) = ya_ta ascent, rise; an instrument on the principle of the lever for raising water, a picotta (Ka.lex.) ruh grow, rise (Skt.); ruhati mounts, grows (MBh.); -ruhat aor. inj. (RV.); ru_hana_ to mount, rise, climb (H.)(CDIAL 10796). ru_d.ha risen (AV.); grown, sprung up (MBh.); grown together (R.); ru_l.ha grown (Pali); ru_d.ha customary (Pkt.)(CDIAL 10801). ro_ha mounting (AV.); growth (S'rS.Pkt.); roh seed that has sprouted (M.)(CDIAL 10860). ro_han.a means of ascending (RV.); name of a mountain in Ceylon (Skt.); name of a mountain (Pkt.); ruhun.u, ru_n.u southernmost of the three divisions of Ceylon (OSi.)(CDIAL 10861). ro_hati, ro_dhati grows; ro_hati mounts, climbs (RV.); ro_hai grows (Pkt.); rohana_ to mount, climb, ride (H.)(CDIAL 10862). rohu mountain, bare mountainous country (S.); roh mountain; rohr.i_ hill (L.); rohela_ adj. belonging to or coming from the hills; ruhella_, rahella_ inhabitant of Rohilkhan.d. (P.)(CDIAL 10845). rudhn.e~ to sprout, grow (M.)(CDIAL 10774). a_ro_han.a ascending (S'Br.); arising (Ma_rkP.); ascent (Pali); auri_ni a stick on which a load is supporting when coming downhill (Kho.); arohan mounting, riding (H.)(CDIAL 1334). arohna_ to mount, ride (H.); a_ro_hati mounts (RV.); a_ro_yati raises (RV.); a_ro_he_i makes mount (Pkt.); aureik to cause to mount (Kho.)(CDIAL 1335). a_ruhat ascends (RV.); a_ruhati (Pali); a_ruhai (Pkt.); climbs up (OG.); a_ru_l.ha (Pali); a_ru_d.ha (Pkt.); a_ru_d.hn.e~, a_rud.hn.e~ to ascent (OM.)(CDIAL 1326). e_r-u (e_r-i-) to rise, ascend, mount, abound in number, weight, or measure, spread, be diffused (as poison) (Ta.); to rise, increase, ascend, mount, climb; n. rising, etc., rising ground (Ka.); e_r-r-u(e_r-r-i-) to lift up, raise, increase (as price), eulogize, found, establish (Ta.); e_l (e_r-p-, e_r-r--, e_lv-, e_n-r--) to be excessive, abound; awake from sleep; bear, lift up, carry (Ta.); e_r-uka to rise, increase, be much, arise, ascend (Ma.); e_r-a much, more, beyond (Ma.); e_r-r-uka to raise, embark, multiply (Ma.); e_r-r-am rising, ascent, increase, climbing, pulling up, what is too much, embarkation (Ma.); e_lkka (e_r-r--) to multiply (Ma.); e.r big (Ko.); e.r, e.re.r, e.rr up (Ko.); e.tl act of raising (e.g., a fine)(Ko.); o.r- (o.r-y-) to rise high, (poison, disease) is diffused (To.); o.r-c to make high (To.); e.ra more than enough (Kod..); e_runi to ascend, climb, rise, be increased (Tu.); e_ra_vuni to raise, increase (Tu.)(DEDR 916). re_gu to rise (as dust), be aroused, excited, angry (Ka.); to be excited, rage, rise (as dust), swell (Te.); re~_gu, re_vu id. (Te.); re_yu to increase, rise, swell, rage (Te.); re~_cu, r-e~_cu, re~_pu to excite, rouse, provoke (Te.); reccu to rise, swell, increase (Te.); re_giyuni to be excited (Tu.)(DEDR 916). Image: rising sign: et.ci rising sign (astrology); e_t.ci rising of a heavenly body (Ta.); erke, erkelu rising (Tu.)(DEDR 851-a). Mounting palm trees, flow of tide: e_r-r-u mounting palm trees, flow of tide (Ma.)(DEDR 916). e_ra_ keel of a ship; e_ra_-p-palakai id.; e_ra_-maram id. (Ta.lex.) Slant, slope/ piccotah pole: e_t.ava_lu slope, slant (Te.)[cf. e_tam picottah, water-lift Te.); a_t.akarra, at.ama_nu picottah pole (Te.)[cf. a_tam picottah, waterlift; e_ta_m id. (Te.)]; e_r-asi steep, steeply rising (Kond.a); eski uphill (Kuwi)(DEDR 916). Picottah: e_r-r-am well-sweep, picottah (Ta.); e_ttam machine to draw water (Ma.); e_ta picottah; ascent, rise (Ka.); e_ra_vuni to load, embark (Tu.); erku rising or accumulation of water (Tu.); erte- tide (Tu.); ya_ta engine for drawing water (Tu.)[Perh. influenced by ya_r-u, a_r-u river, brook (Ta.)(DEDR 5119).]; e_tamu, e_ta_m, ettam, a_tam picottah, water-lift (Te.)(DEDR 916). To load cargo: e_r-u to be laden as cargo; e_r-r-u-tal to export (Ta.); e_r-r-u-tur-ai place of export or embarkation; e_r-r-umati export (Ta.); egumati id. (Te.Ka.); e_r-r-u-mati exported cargo; e_r-r-umutal cargo exported in boats etc. (Ta.lex.) Lofty; beautiful: er..il height, loftiness, elevation (Pur-ana_. 13); imposing appearance (Kur-al., 407); bigness, bulkiness (Pur-ana_. 23); beauty, gracefulness (Paripa_. 18,28)(Ta.); beauty, brightness, splendour (Ma.); er..iliya beautiful (Pur-ana_. 68,5)(Ta.); el.y beautiful (meaning uncertain; followed by buffalo name in vocative, in songs)(To.); ed.d.a beauty, charm, goodness (Ka.); ed.d.e goodness; good, superior, fair; adv. well (Tu.); edo, eda good (Pa.); edka very (Pa.); er.u good, beautiful, in health (Malt.)(DEDR 848). Firmness: e_n., e_n.am, e_n.ai, e_t.ci firmness, stability (Ta.); en. strength (Ta.); e_n.u to support (Ta.); e_n.am steadfastness (Ma.); e_n.u energy, firmness (Ma.)(DEDR 887). Complete, full; might: er-u to be full, complete (Ka.); erkuni to be full of milk (as breast or udder)(Tu.); er-ur.. strength, might (?Ta.)(DEDR 863). A climbing plant: er-ur.. a hill tree with red flowers (Ta.)(DEDR 864). e~dra_ a large climbing plant with fine flowers (P.)(CDIAL 2535).

754.To be pleased: r.hati increases, prospers, succeeds (RV.); rihan.u to be lawful or rightful (S.); rihando justly and lawfuly acquired, not obtained by violence or theft; riha_in.u to apply with right or justice (S.); ijjhati prospers (Pali); rijjhai prospers, is happy (Pkt. cf. re_z pleasure (Sogdian); ri_jhan.u to be pleased; ri_jha_in.u to amuse (S.); rijhan. to be allured, be amused (L.); rijhinu to rejoice (N.); rijha_unu to please (N.); rijhiba_, rijha_iba_ (Or.); ri_jhata is successful (OAw.); ri_jhna_ to be enchanted (H.); rijha_na_ to enchant, excite, annoy (H.); ri_jhai is satisfied (OMarw.); rijhvu~ to be pleased (G.); rijhn.e~ (M.); caus. rijhavin.e~ (M.); idenava_ to become ripe (Si.)(CDIAL 2457). riddha, id.d.ha- prosperous (Pkt.); ri_dho pleased (pp. of ri_jhan.u)(S.)(CDIAL 2457).

823.Olive: elumpi hill olive (Ta.); ilumpi id. (Ma.)(DEDR 838). cf. viky olive (Ko.); pis'ky wild olive, olea bournei (To.)(DEDR 5419).

755.Olive: Olea europaea (Ancient Egyptian d-dtw; Coptic: tree xoeit; oil nez mme (true oil); Modern Egyptian Arabic ze_t) "The olive tree probably originated in Asia Minor. It is mentioned in texts from Ebla dated about 2500 BC (called gis'-i-gis') at which time the tree was already extensively cultivated. The first finds in Egypt date from the 18th Dynasty (c.1350 BC)... Theophrastus said that it grew in Upper Egypt... Strabo, who travelled in Egypt nearly five hundred years later, says that the trees grew only in the Fayum Oasis... In the New Kingdom (1567-1085 BC) the olived and the oil were imported, first from Syria and later from Greece... A large bouquet of persea twigs from the tomb of Tutankhamum (1567-1320 BC) had a few olive twigs inserted... A bouquet of later date... consited of olive and origanum majorana. Ramesses III (1200-1085 BC) attempted to plant an olive grove near the temple of the sun-god Re at Heliopolis... used as lamp oil... used for steeping flowers to make fragrant oils... Copts... used as a vehicle for various remedies, mainly unguents and poultices..." (Lise Manniche, An Ancient Egyptian Herbal, pp.128-129). Olea europaea: zaytoun (Arab.); julipe (Ka.); saidun (Ta.); bark: bitter, astringent, reputed as substitute for cinchona; oil from the pericarp: demulcent, emollient and laxative; gum-like substance from the tree: vulnerary; fruits contain glucoside oleuropein, fatty oil; habitat: Baluchistan (GIMP, p.180). it.alai wild olive, olea dioica (Ta.); it.ala a wood, burning very rapidly, olea dioica; et.ala id. (Ma.); ed.ala wild olive (Ka.)(DEDR 436). Olea dioica: attajam (B.); parjamb (M.); koli (Ta.); vetila (Ma.); kulumb (Ta.Te.Ka.P.); karambu (M.); bark: febrifuge; habitat: lower hills of Assam and Bengal and western Peninsula (GIMP, p.180). kid- olea robusta (Ko.To.)(DEDR 1602). viky olive (Ko.); pis'ky wild olive, olea bournei (To.)(DEDR 5419). ambas.t.ha_ (gall of) quercus infectoria olive (Car. Su. 4.45, Vi. 8.144).

756.Image: archer: er.eth long-bow (Kur.); er.tu a bow; er.tyo an archer (Malt.)(DEDR 789).

757.Mirror: aina_, ayina_ a mirror; a glass-pane; spectacles (Ka.); ayina_, aina_ (M.H.)(Ka.lex.)

758.Principal: ayinu, ainu, ayina_ti original, principal, prime (Ka.); aina (M.H.)(Ka.lex.)

759.Image: antelope: e_n.a-va_hana whose vehicle is an antelope: Va_yu (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Decoy: di_hade_n.a a decoy antelope; di_hada miga, di_hada mr.ga a decoy animal or decoy antelope (Ka.); di_va a decoy: a bird, an elephant, an antelope etc. trained as a decoy (Ka.); di_m., di_mamu, di_mu (Te.)(Ka.lex.) Image: male black antelope: ain.a belonging to the male black antelope; e_n.a a kind of deer or antelope of black colour with beautiful eyes and short legs; ain.e_ya belonging to the female black antelope; e_n.i a female antelope (Ka.lex.) ain.e_ya produced from or belonging to the female black antelope (A_s'GS.)(Vedic.lex.) Goat: e_d.a a kind of sheep (Ka.); e_d.u = a_d.u (Tu.)(Ka.lex.) cf. e_d.a a kind of sheep (Ka_tyS'r.)(CDIAL 2512). e_d.aka, e_l.aga a ram; a wild goat; a kind of sheep (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) aid.aka a species of sheep (S'Br. xii)(Vedic.lex.) el.aka goat (Pali.lex.)

760.Thread of four single yarns: enika, enike a thread composed of four single yarns united (Te.); ena equality, a match (Te.); ine, in.e a couple, pair (Tu.); en.e, en.a a couple, pair (Ka.); in.a pair, couple, union (Ma.); in.ekka to unite, couple, be equal (Ma.); in.ai (-v-, -nt-) to join, unite, agree, resemble; to join, tie (as a garland); union, likeness, pair, couple (Ta.)(DEDR 457).

761.Image: boar: e_n-am wild hog (Tol. Po. 623)(Ta.lex.); akr.a_, akr.a_l wild pig; ikunda_l boar (Go.); ekkala wild hog (Ka.); e_kalamu, e_kali~_d.u (Te.)(DEDR 771). e_n-a-p-pat.am shield in the shape of a boar's head (Cilap. 14,172)(Ta.lex.) aka_ra_ lonely, single (P.); ika_ro (Ku.); ekaira bal.a_ only son (Or.); e_kacara wandering alone, solitary (MBh.)(CDIAL 2465). cf. ballemu wild boar (Te.lex.); bara_h (H.); bara_ (A.B.); vara_ha (RV.)(CDIAL 11325). erur..i pig (Tiruvil.ai. Pan-r-i. Mulai. 26)(Ta.lex.)

762.Image: elephant: e_nal, ye_ni_, aini_, e_ni, e_n (Go.); e_ngu (Kond.a); ya_n-ai elephant (Tol. Po. 570); a_n-ai elephant (a_n-ai ya_y-k- ki_t.ama_y)(Tiruva_ca. 8,14)(Ta.lex.) a.n elephant (Ko.To.); a.ne (Kod..); a_na (Ma.); a_ne, ya_ne (Ka.); a_ne (Tu.); e_nu~gu, e_nika, e_niga, e_nige, e_nuga (Te.); ena_gi_, e_ngi (Kol.); e_nagi_ (Nk.); e_nu (Pa.); e_nig (Ga.)(DEDR 5161).

763.Palm leaf vessel; tool: e_n-am palm-leaf vessel for drinking toddy; tool (Ta.); e_nam id. (Ma.)(DEDR 918). e_ttan-am tool, instrument; vessel, utensil (Ta.lex.) cf. yat dispose (Skt.); yatna effort (Mn.); yatana (Pali); jatta (Pkt.)(CDIAL 10404a). yatta striving, contending (Skt.); ready, prepared for (MBh.); strenous, watchful (Pali); jattai strives, is active (Pkt.); jamman., jamban. to wait, wait for (L.)(CDIAL 10404). cf. yantra controlling device (RV.); any implement or contrivance (MBh.)(CDIAL 10412). Edge of a blade: e_nu one edge of a blade of hoe or spade (Te.); e_n., e_n.i boundary, limit (Ta.); e_n.u edge, chiefly the three edges of the coconut (Ma.); e.n.er edge (Ko.); e_n., e_n.u edge, border, point (Ka.)(DEDR 886). Barber: e_n-a_ti barber; name of a division among Sha_n.ans (Ta.); e_na_di barber (Te.)(Ta.lex.) Soldier: e_n-a_ti an ancient title conferred by a king on his minister (Man.i. 22,205); general; soldier, warrior; e_na_ti-mo_tiram ring being the insignia of the title of e_n-a_ti (Ci_vaka. 2569, Urai)(Ta.lex.) cf. se_na_di (Skt.lex.)

764.Silly; disgust; wretch: ebad.a, ebra_si a man who has difficulty in speaking; a foolish, silly man; ebad.atana the manner or being of an ebad.a; silliness; ebad.i a woman who has difficulty in speaking; a silly woman; ebad.isu to be afflicted with difficulty in speaking; e_bra_si a foolish, silly man (Ka.); ebul.ante (Tu.); ebbera_si, ebbra_si, e_bhra_si, e_bhyara_si (Te.); ebbe, e_bhya nasty; ebbetana, ebberika nastiness, disgust; loathsomeness; e_va, e_ve dislike, disgust; baseness, vileness (Te.)(Ka.lex.) he~dra_ clownish, stupid (H.); he~dar dung, rubbish (M.); he~dra_ dirty (M.)(CDIAL 14161). he_pia raised, high (Pkt.); hepnu to grow insolent, be overbold (N.)(CDIAL 14162). hopal. sick, slovenly, disorderly (M.); huma_, humya_ blockhead (M.)(CDIAL 14177). hula_ silly (M.)(CDIAL 14142). hu_sar. uncouth, stupid (H.)(CDIAL 14143). e_ma_l.i a beggar, a silly man (Ma.)(Ka.lex.) e_r..ai indigent person, poor wretch, helpless fellow; e_r..aimai poverty (Ta.); e_r..a a poor or innocent person, one who is helpless; e_ya poor person (Ma.); e.l.y poor (To.)(DEDR 911). he_sike, pe_sike, pe_sige, e_sike aversion, disgust; nastiness; a nasty, disagreeable object, an object that causes disgust; he_si a disgustful female; he_su, pe_su to feel aversion, to have a dislike, to recoil; he_si ho_gu to feel aversion (as the mind); he_su-maga a nasty son; he_su ma_tu a disgustful word; he_su-tana nastiness (Ka.lex.) e_vam fault, blemish (Ta.); e_va disgust, dislike, hatred; ugliness; e_vaysu to be disgusted or vexed; he_va disgust, repugnance; he_varisu to feel aversion (Ka.); e_va, e_vamu dislike, disgust, hate; disgusting, hateful; e_vagincu to hate, dislike, be disgusted (Te.)(DEDR 908). ha_ba_n. stupid (A.); ha_ba_, haba_r.i dumb, stupid (Or.); habr.a_ clumsy, ill-shaped (H.)(CDIAL 1392). hin:ga_ worthless, boastful (Or.); hen:ga_ good-for-nothing (Or.); he~ga_d., he~ga_d.a_, he~gd.a_ clumsy, stupid (M.); hokha_ weak, unsteady, characterless, worthless (P.); hoga_ slack, slothful, sturdy, and overbearing (M.)(CDIAL 14078). hi_jir.o an impotent man (S.); hi_jr.a_ eunuch (P.); hijar., hijr.a_ (B.); hijar.a, hijar.a eunuch; hijar.i_ woman with male characteristics (Or.); hi_j weak, lazy, cowardly; hijr.a_ eunuch (H.); hejar.a_ shameless, laughing loudly, impotent (Or.); hijr.u~ impotent (G.); hijd.a_ hermaphrodite (M.); hejar.a_ miserly, shameless (Or.); hejal.a_ impotent (Or.); hocho low, mean (S.); hucca_ disreputable (M.); hoccha_ quarrelsome over trifles (L.); mean, stupid, trifling (P.); ho~cho mean, shallow-minded (Ku.); hoco, ho~co low, short (N.)(CDIAL 14084).

765.Black soil: ere black soil (Ka.); re_-gad.a, re_-gad.i clay [gad.d.a clod)(Te.); gad.a clod (Go.); kat.t.i clod, lump (Ta.)(DEDR 1148)](DEDR 820). ar-al black sand found on the seashore, water (Ta.); black sand (Ma.); ar-il, ar-al, ar-ulu, arla, arlu mud, clay (Ka.)(DEDR 312). rehu_ barren soil (i.e. furrowed and left fallow (OAw.); re_kha_ scratch, streak, line (Gr.hyaS.); line, streak (Pali); re_ha_ line, row (Pkt.); reh furrow made in sugar-cane planting (Mth.)(CDIAL 10810). Red loam soil: eran.-ka_t.u fertile land of red loam soil; fertile black cotton soil; barren land (Ta.lex.) cf. er-r-a red (Te.lex.)

766.Image: honeycomb: ir-a_l honeycomb (Nal.a. Kalini_n..14); ir-avu id., ira_t.t.u id. (Ta.); e_ri empty beehive; irl.e honeycomb; ra_d.e id. (Ka.); te.n-eri id. (Kod..); edi id. (Tu.); ye_ri_ the bees' comb in which the eggs and grubs live; arey part of hive where bees and grubs live (Go.); je_ka honeycomb (Kui)(DEDR 518). horla an empty comb of bees or wasps; an empty nest of red ants (hau); in contrast to harku a white-ant's comb, full or empty (Mu.lex.) kurumpi comb of white ant's nest (Ta.); gugge an insect inthe snake hole (Ka.); gurma comb of white ant's nest (Pa.); garem, garum(i) nest inside anthill (Go.); ku_ru white ant's nest (Kond.a)(DEDR 1790).

767.Bull; male: e_ra_n-, e_r-an- bull (Nan-. 392, Mayilai)(Ta.); e_r-u bull (Pur-ana_. 1,3); males of certain animals as pan-r-i, pulva_y; ur..ai, kavari, erumai, marai, per-r-am (Tol. Po. 593,594); turuva_t.u (Tiva_.); puli (Pin.); cin:kam (Pa_rata. Kirut.. 76); male shark (Tol. Po. 595); male conch (Pin..)(Ta.lex.) e_t.t.ai male of animals, as of the buffalo (Pin..); e_r-r-ai male of any animal remarkable for physical strength (Tol. Po. 604)(Ta.lex.) Image: hump on a bull: e_ri hump on bull (Ta.Ma.)(DEDR 904).

768.Image: male buffalo: eru male buffalo (Tu.)(DEDR 815). e.r male buffalo (Ko.To.); tir e.r buffalo calf at Toda calf sacrifice (Ko.)(DEDR 917). erumai-po_ttu he-buffalo (Tol. Po. 596); erumai-k-kat.a_ id. (Ta.lex.); enu po_tu male buffalo (Te.); arm, ar.mi buffalo (Go.); erumai female buffalo (Ta.)(DEDR 816).

769.A weapon; a club: er..u a kind of weapon (Ta.); a club (Ma.); er..uku a club (Ma.)(DEDR 852). Arrow: ey arrow (Tivul.ai. Par..iya. 24); eytal to discharge arrows (Pa_rata. Campava. 49); ey (Ma.); e_y (Ka.); e_yu (Te.); eyir-r-ampu (eyir-u + ampu) arrow tipped with a spear-head (Ci_vaka. 780)(Ta.lex.) eyin- hunting tribe of the desert tract (Cilap. 12, Pa_t.al, 18, 'An.imut.i'); eyin--ce_ri village inhabited by the hunting tribes (Kantapu. Val.l.i. 28); eyin-a-c-ce_ri id. (Nan-. 212, Virut.); eyin-an- hunter, inhabitant of the desert tract (Perumpa_n.. 129)(Ta.lex.) e_ shooting as an arrow (Pu. Ve. 5,5); arrow (Ci_vaka. 370); evvu to discharge as a missile or an arrow (Kampara_. U_rte_. 177); e_cu-tal to hurl, dart (Te_va_. 380,6); e_vu to hurl; to discharge as an arrow; to throw as a dart; arrow (Kantapu. Ka_mataka. 66); e_vun.n.u-tal to be injured by an arrow (Ir-ai. 6,64)(Ta.lex.) eyyuka to shoot an arrow; eyttu shooting; eyyikka to cause to shoot; e_vuka to hurl, dart, shoot; e_vu shooting (Ma.); ey- (ec-), i_y- (i_c-), icv- (ict-), ic- to shoot (Ko.); ef- (et-) to shoot (arrow)(To.); esu, ese, isu (ecc-), e_y to shoot (as an arrow), thorw; ece id., to expel (as water out of a syringe); esu, ese, esige, esage, esuge shooting, throwing; e_su to throw; n. a throw, a shot (Ka.); eyyuni, i_puni to shoot an arrow; esaguni to discharge (Tu.); egucu to cast, shoot, discharge (as an arrow); e_yu to throw, fling (Te.); ey- (e-), eyk- to shoot (arrow)(Pa.); esna_ to shoot; es- to shoot with bow (Go.); ijna_ to shoot (arrows), cause a liquid to gush out upon; gush out (Go.); in-he (inj-) to pelt, stone; ece to throw out; ge to throw away, scatter (Malt.)(DEDR 805). Arrow: is.u arrow (RV.BHSkt.); isu (Pkt.); is.uka arrow (AV.)(CDIAL 1596). is.i_ka_ reed used as an arrow (AV.); sort of sugar-cane, small stick to stir crucible (Skt.); i_s.i_ka_ reed, cane (MaitrS.); i_s.ika_ arrow; is'i_ka_ id. (Skt.); isi_ka_, isika_ reed (Pali); isiya_ stick (Pkt.); hiya, hi_, iya, i_ya arrow; i_-tan.a the grass heteropogon hirtus (Si.)(CDIAL 1595). wes.u arrow, bullet (Kho.)(CDIAL 2324). wes.eik to send, dispatch, send away (Kho.); upe_s.ate_ attacks (RV.)(CDIAL 2323). Spear: cf. is- (-t-) to strike (Kond.a); ihpa (iht-) to thrust into or through, spear, spit, impale (Kui)(DEDR 425). is.i_ke a small stick of wood or iron used by goldsmiths (Ka.lex.)

770.Images: stroke (as of a sword); to pounce upon: e_r-u throw, beating (as of a drum), stroke (as of a sword), pouncing upon, destroying, scar (Ta.); a throw (Ma.); that with which one pierces or which one throws; a cut, wound (Ka.); e_t.u a blow, stroke (Te.); a blow, throw, shot (Ka.); et.t.u a blow (Ka.); ettu cutting, stabbing (Ka.); er-r-u (er-r-i-) to strike, kick, butt, cut, cleave, pierce, kill; n. kicking, hitting, pushing, attacking (Ta.); er-i (-v-, -nt-) to hack, chop, smash, destroy, beat, pounce, kick; n. throw, fling, kick (Ta.); a throw (Ma.); er-iva missiles (Ta.); eyr- (erc-) to cut, kill, slaughter (animal)(Ko.); eyrl a cut (Ko.); et- (ety-) to fight; e.rp a cut, blow (Ko.); e.r(p) pa.r. pain of wound (Ko.); er-y (er-s-) to throw, cut, sting, charge with horns, sacrifice (To.); ir-- (ir-0-) to hit with weapon (To.); i.r-k depression made by cutting; ir- depression in anything (To.); ir-i (ir-id-) to throw, beat, strike, pierce, kill, butt; throb (as a sore)(Ka.); ir-a, ir-i, ir-u tossing, butting (Ka.); ir-aku, ir-ike, ir-ata, ir-ipu striking, piercing, goring, etc. (Ka.); r-eppu to strike (Ka.); et.t.uni to be hit; box the ear (Tu.); et.t.akut.t.a quarrelling and fighting (Tu.); r-immu to throw, fling, toss, spurt, squirt, thrust, butt; n. spurt, thrust, butt (Te.); ey- (et.t.-) to throw (Ga.); e_rista_na_ to beat violently, thrash; erta_na_ to thrash (Go.); re_h- to beat; re_- to shoot (bow)(Go.); eR- (-t-) to shoot (arrow), fling or pelt (with a stone); ir-- (iRt-) to throw; ir-ga a sling to chase birds destrying crops (Kond.a); ec- (ecc-) to shoot with bow (Pe.); ibga (<ig-b; igd-) to throw down, let fall, drop; pl. action iska (iski-)(Kui); ir-u to throw as a spear, fling (Ta.); er-iyuka to throw, fling, hit (Ma.); er-ikka to remove the bark from timber, rough hew for sawing (Ma.); er-r-u a blow (chiefly beating clothes)(Ma.); er-r-uka to throw (as with sling), fillip, propel, spirt, beat hard (Ma.); irhmu_ throw! (Kuwi); ir- (-h-) to throw; iskali to dump down (i.e. pl. action)(Kuwi)(DEDR 859). Thunderbolt: e_r-u that with which one pierces or which one throws (Ka.); a thunderbolt (Ta.); a cut, wound (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Missiles: e_r-u throw (Ta_yu. Cacci. 8)(Ta.lex.) er-iva missiles (Kantapu. Tiruvil.ai. 47); er-i-vallayam spear or lance, that is hurled, opp. to kuttuvallayam; er-i-val.aiyam discus used as a missile; er-i-pat.ai missile (Kampara_. karan-vatai. 52); er-i throw, fling (Ta.Ma.); to throw, cast, fling, discharge, hurl (Na_lat.i, 66); to shiver into pieces, smash (Pur-ana_. 4,10)(Ta.lex.) er..u club; kind of weapon; column, pillar; cross-bar of wood set to a door (Perun.. Ucaik. 49,3); er..u-kal.am battle-field(Ta.lex.) Image: to pierce: ir-uttal to pierce through, as an arrow; to gore, stab (Pur-ana_. 19,9); to throw, as a spear; to fling (Pu. Ve. 3,24, Kol.u)(Ta.lex.) Image: opposing: e_r- to meet in battle, oppose; n. state of meeting and opposing, a wound (Ka.); e_rsa_vuni to beat, strike (Tu.); e_l (e_r-p-, e_r-r-, e_lv-, e_n-r--) to oppose in battle, encounter (as a foe)(Tirumuru. 55); e_r-r-al disputation, polemics (Perun.. Ucaik. 36,243); e_r-r-a_r foes, enemies (Tiruva_ca. 3,158)(Ta.lex.); e_lkka (e_r-r--) to hit, meet in battle; e_lpikka to wound, make (a dog) to attack or seize (Ma.)(DEDR 906). e_r-u pouncing upon as an eagle (Pur-ana_. 160,3); e_r-a_l.ar warriors (Ta.lex.) Image: to equal: e_l to equal (Tan.t.i. 33)(Ta.lex.)

771.Image: to pour out: er to sow, to scatter; to be sown or scattered; er hor.o dhan that has not been transplanted; hor.oko erakoa sim do they scatter dhan for the fowls (Santali.lex.) elkhna_ to pour liquid out (by tilting a vessel standing on the ground); elkhrna_ to be poured out (Kur.); eqe to pour out from a vessel (Malt.)(DEDR 840). cf. er-r-u to throw out (as water from a vessel)(Ta.)(DEDR 866). ekku-tal to squirt, thorw up as water (Paripa_. 11,57); to rise, go up (Paripa_. 16,45)(Ta.); id. (Te.); ekki syringe, squirt (Paripa_. 10,12)(Ta.lex.) er-acu to sprinkle; to scoop; to scatter; to strew; to cast; to sow (Ka.); ir-ai (Ta.)(Ka.lex.)

772.Images: a wing, fin, rib: er-ake a wing; a fin; an arm (Ka.); ir-aku, ir-ai, cir-aku (Ta.); ir-agu, egir-u (Ma.); er-ake, r-ekke (Te.); a rib (Te.)(Ka.lex.)

773.Image: oblong trough: er-r-an--maram a kind of oblong trough with a long handle, supported by three posts used to bale water in irrigation; er-r-ar--pat.t.ai basket with which water is baled by four or six persons (Ta.lex.)

774.Image: rend: er-r-u-tal to cut, cleave, rend (Kalit. 85); to snap, as a carpenter's line for marking a board (Nait.ata. Cantiro_. 33); er-r-u-nu_l carpenter's line for marking a board (Ta.lex.)

775.Image: kicking: er-r-u kicking, hitting, pushing, attacking (Ta.Ma.)(Ta.lex.)

776.Image: to hit with fist: er-r-u-tal to strike, cuff, hit with the fist (Kampara_. Ma_ri_can-. 63)(Ta.lex.)

777.Images: enmity; to butt: era iri to be at enmity with each other; era iri akanakin they are at enmity with each other (Santali.lex.) er-r-u-tal to butt as an elephant; to dash against as the waves of the sea (Te_va_. 92,2)(Ta.lex.) ir-i to beat, to strike; to throb as a sore; to piere, to stab, to gore; to butt; to kill (Ka.); er-i (Ta.); ir-ida_d.u to stab mutually; to butt one another as animals (Ka.lex.)

778.For all time: er-r-aikkum adv. < en-r-u + for all time, for ever (Tiv. Tiruppa_. 29)(Ta.lex.) arja_ age, lifetime (P.lex.) ir-e_ a particle frequently used in Vais.n.ava religious writings and occurring mostly at the end of sentences to indicate that the subject mentioned is either (1) common knowledge, or (2) one which must be known by all, or (3) one that is emphatically so (I_t.u, 2,1,1)(Ta.); er-e_ part. id. (Akana_. 41, Urai.); en-r-aikkum for ever (Ta.lex.) ar-a clearly (Pur-ana_. 224)(Ta.lex.) ar-i-tal to know, understand (Na_lat.i. 74)(Ta.); er-ugu (Te.); ar-i (Ma.); knowledge (Kur-al., 638)(Ta.lex.)

779.Notification: ar-ikkai < ar-vi- notice (Ve_ta_ran.i. Paraco_. Man.ava_l.ac. 33); ar-ikkai-va_cittal to publish banns of marriage; ar-ivittal to make known, relate, communicate; to publish, announce (Ta.lex.)
 
782.Image: ox: nahira_, na_hira_ an ox whose horns are straight and projected upwards; a rude, ill-tempered spiteful man (P.lex.) eru an ox, also buffalo (Tu.lex.)

783.Canal watered land: nahiri_ canal watered land; nahir, naihar a canal, a stream (P.lex.) nai, nayi river (Kon.lex.) cf. na~i a river, the Damuda river (Santali.lex.) nihar a canal, stream (P.lex.) naital. river-bed; da_kt.i nai rivulet (Kon.lex.)

784.Image: turner's gouge: naiha_ a turner's gouge (P.lex.)

785.Image: lion; tiger: nahar, na_har < narhari (Skt.) a tiger, a lion; a wolf (P.lex.)

786.Wife: nakar wife (Kalit. 8)(Ta.lex.) cf. naihar applied to parents' house after marriage (Santali.lex.)

787.Gardener: ara_i_n. a caste among muhammadans employed in gardening and in cultivating lands for the production of vegetables; ra_i_n. id.; they are very industrious and great vegetable growers; ara_ha_ a grass preserve, a place where grass is cultivated for the use of government, and others are prohibited from cutting it (P.lex.)

788.Harvest: har.hi_, ha_r.i_ the rabi crop (sown about the month of assu_ and kattak), the rabi harvest. The rabi instalment of land revenue so called because the rabi crops are harvested and divided and the revenue instalment paid, in the month of ha_r.h; ha_r.hi_ sa_uni_ sowing and autumn harvests, rabi and kharif (P.lex.) rabbi_ depending on divine care; the winter crop (commonly called ha_r.hi_), the spring harvest crops sown in winter and cut by the month of ha_r.h; rabbi_-ul-awwal the third month of the muhammadans; rabbi-ul-sa_ni_ the fourth month of the muhammadans; ra_bhan to be sown, to be cultivated (P.lex.) erba a cultivated grain, setaria italica, kunth, used metaphorically for girls; tinak ir.i ar tinak erba? how many boys and how many girls? (Santali.lex.) ir to reap; irok din harvest; ir arpa a small sheaf of grain, the daily perquisite of a yearly servant during harvest; ir samtao, ir ader to harvest; irokko reapers (Santali.lex.) ir.i a cultivated millet, panicum crus-galli; kokor janga ir.i a cultivated millet, panicum crus galli or frumentacea (Santali.lex.)

790.Image: leaf: ire leaf, plantain-leaf (Tu.lex.)

791.Image: two: iru the form taken by erad.u in certain compounds to denote two; irve_r two persons; irnu_du two hundred (Tu.lex.) iral eight; iral gel eighty; iral isi eight score; gel iral eighteen; cf. as.t.au dual in Sanskrit; semant. ir (Two) times four (an ancient system of four as a landing point in numeration, gan.d.a); hence, iral (Santali.lex.) car four; caukhu~t. four points of compass (Santali.lex.)

792.Image: narrow: ir-uku, ir-aku the state of being close together; a narrow place, a thicket (Ka.Te.); ir-umbu a narrow place (Ka.lex.)

793.Image: killing: ir-ku, ikku killing, destroying (Ka.lex.)

794.Image: seven: e_l.u seven (Tu.lex.)

795.Prosperity: e_l.ige prosperity (Tu.lex.)

796.A numerical connective particle: en-ra_ < en-- a numerical connective particle (Tol. Col. 73); en- part. particle having the force of whatever, whichever (Kur-al., 430); en-n-u-tal to say, utter, express (Tol. Col. 422); en-kai saying (Kantapu. Me_t.u. 26)(Ta.lex.) ar-ku-tal < alku- to be permanent, to remain, endure (Kur-al., 333); alku-tal to be permanent (Ta.lex.)

798.Offering: arkkiyam < arghya water offered reverentially to gods or guests (Ce_tupu. Ce_tupala. 90)(Ta.lex.)

799.Image: swan: ekin-, ekin-am swan; Brahma_ who rides on a swan (Tiruppu. 609) (Ta.lex.)

800.Faith: ekki_n- < yaggin (Arab.) faith (Ta.lex.) ekkiyam < yaja sacrifice, ceremony in which oblations are offered (Tiruva_n-aik. Ko_ccen.. 70)(Ta.lex.)

801.Image: to the brim: erka adv. full to the brim, fullness; erka_vu cause to fill in (Tu.lex.) erku to rise as water in a tank, to be full; kan.d.ot.u ni_ru erkun.d.u the field is full with water (Tu.lex.) er-u to be all, entire, full or complete (Ka.); erku to be full (Tu.)(Ka.lex.)

802.Image: fish: e_ran:kam < e_ran:ga a kind of fish (Can.. Aka.)(Ta.lex.) e_ri a big sea bream fish; e_rinu tindudu bo_rinu ma_riy having eaten the e_ri fish, he sold the bullock, i.e. being a slave to the palate, he lost all his (Tu.lex.)

803.Molten cast: erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) eh-kam any weapon made of steel (Cu_t.a_.); eh-ku steel; eh-ku-pat.utal to melt, to soften (Cilap. 15, 210, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) ayas metal, iron (RV.); ayo_, aya iron (Pali); aya (Pkt.); ya (Si.)(CDIAL 590). yakad.a iron (Si.)(CDIAL 591). yakul.a, yavul.a sledge-hammer (Si.); ayo_ku_t.a, ayaku_t.a (Pkt.)(CDIAL 592). ayas'cu_rn.a powder prepared from iron as a vermifuge (Sus'r.); yahun.u iron filings (Si.)(CDIAL 489).

804.Image: an enclosed area: ere the area enclosed between the wall and the water-line in a courtyard (Tu.lex.)

805.Tin, solder: ran:ga tin (Skt.); ram.ga (Pkt.); ra~_g pewter, tin (P.H.); ra~_ga_ pewter, tin (P.H.); solder (Or.Bi.Mth.); ra_n. tin, solder (Ku.N.A.B.); ra~_k (Ku.); ra_n.o (N.); ra_n:ga tin (Or.); ra_n:ga_ solder (Or.); ra_m.ga (OAw.); ranga tin (Si.)(CDIAL 10562). ra_n.(g)ta_ tinsel, copper-foil (B.)(CDIAL 10567). [cf. ren. cement for metallic objects (G.); ren.i_ ingot (L.)(CDIAL 10639).]

806.Brass: ri_ti yellow brass, bell metal (Skt.); ri_tika calx of brass (Skt.); ri_ri_ brass (Pkt.); yellow brass (Skt.); rit copper (Dm.); ri_t (Gaw.); ri_da copper (Gaw.); ri_d brass (Bshk.); zit (Tor.); ri_l brass, bronze, copper (Pkt.)(CDIAL 10752). eruvai ?copper (Ta.); ere a dark-red or dark-brown colour, a dark or dusky colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eruvai yurukkin-a_lan-n-a kuruti (Kampara_. Kumpaka. 248)(Ta.lex.) eri sulphur, brimstone (Ta.lex.)

807.Silk-worm; castor-oil plant: {Castor-oil plant is of pre-historic introduction. Castor oil is a mild purgative. It is used extensively to manufacture Turkey red oil for the dyeing industry. It is a dressing for leather, in 'fat-liquoring' in the leather industry, as an illuminant, and as wool oil. After extracting the oil, the cake is used as manure, as fuel, for caulking timber, to destroy termites (white ants) and to stuff the soles of native shoes. [Quisumbing, E., Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, p.532.]} kiter.i maran castor-oil plant (Kond.a); kitele id. (Mand..); ki'er.i id. (Kui); ki'en.i ma_rnu id. (Kuwi)[cf. -en.i used as -en.n.e oil in some DEDR forms]; kieri ni_yu_ oil for cooking (Kuwi); kieni ni_yu castor oil (Kuwi)(DEDR 1549). git- to penetrate (thorn, etc.), prick, pierce (Go.)(DEDR 1550). [The castor capsules are ovoid, about 1 cm. long, green or purplish, and covered with soft spinelike processes; whence the attribute kit- in some DEDR 1549 forms. cf. the use of -er.i of kit-er.i (Kond.a) form in the following:] eri (A.) e~r.i_ (H.) a silkworm which feeds on the castor-oil plant; e_ran.d.a castor-oil plant, ricinus communis (Sus'r.Pali); eram.d.a (Pkt.); e_ran.d.aka (Pali); aran.d.u (S.); iran.d., arin.d., harin.d.a, rin.d.i_ (P.); e_n.d.a_ (WPah.); i~_d. (Ku.); i_n (Ku.); a_r.eri (N.); era_ (A.); rer.i (B.Or.); re~r., le~r. the plant (Bi.); re~r.i_, le~r.i_ the seed (Bi.); a~r.ar., a~r.ri_ (Mth.); an.d.a_, an.d.i_ (Mth.); re~_r.i_ the plant (Bhoj.); aran.d., re~r. the plant (H.); eran.d.i_, aran.d.i_, re~r.i_ the seed (H.); era~d.o the plant (G.); eran.d.iyu~ the oil (G.); err., err.i_, err.iyu~ (G.); era~d. the plant (M.); era~d.i_ the seed (M.); eran.d.u, en.d.aru the plant (Sk.); aram.d.u (OAw.)(CDIAL 2517). e_ra~d.el castor-oil (M.)(CDIAL 2518). di_r.a pl. di_r.el castor-oil plant (Pa.); di_r.a ney castor oil (Pa.); dir.el pl. castor-oil plants (Ga.)(DEDR 3281). [cf. era~d.i_, era~d.el (M.) forms in CDIAL 2518).] cf. parelu castor seed (Tu.); haral.u castor oil plant (Ka.)(DEDR 3959).] alumbud.a, alumbud.e castor-oil plant (Tu.); a.man.d. (Ko.); o.mul.g (To.); a_t.alu, avud.la, avun.d.la, avud.ala, aman.d.a, a_man.d.a (Ka.); a.n.ake mara (Kod..); a.n.ak-en.n.e castor-oil (Kod..); aman.t.alam, a_t.am, a_man.t.am, a_man.akku, a_t.al.ai castor-oil plant (Ta.); a_man.akku (Ma.); a_mudamu (Te.); a_medda_, a_meda (Kol.)(DEDR 360). muttam castor-bean, pearl (Ta.)(DEDR 4959). a_man.d.a, aman.da, man.d.a castor-oil plant, ricinus communis (Skt.); a_mam.d.a the fruit of the wild myrobalan [cf. a_malaka]; a_d., a~d. castor-oil tree (H.); an.d.i_ its fruit (H. possibly < aran.d.< e_ran.d.a) (CDIAL 1240). a_t.am castor-plant (Ta.lex.) eran.d.a ricinus communis (Car. Su. 2.12, 4.22); paca_n:gula id. (Car. Su. 14.42, 27.109). eran.d.a, ruvaka ricinus communis [eran.d.om dare ricinis communis (Santali.lex.) {Ricinus communis Ancient Egyptian dgm; Coptic: plant themec; seeds kiki; Modern Egyptian Arabic harwa 'A perennial plant with palmate leaves which may grow as tall as a tree. The seed capsules are bur-like, the oval glossy seeds black, red, white or mottled with an agreeable nutty taste... In Egypt the plant is sown around houses to repel mosquitoes... Seeds of the castor-oil plant have been found in prehistoric burials in Egypt... use of castor oil in Egypt as a lamp oil. Strabo adds that the poorer people used the oil for anointing the body... The leaf of the plant was used as a bandage... the fruits were burnt as fumigation to expel a disease caused by a demon.' (Lise Manniche, An Ancient Egyptian Herbal, British Museum Publications Ltd., pp.142-143)]; "Ricinus (Castor oil seed). Habitat. India... When grown on a large scale, bee-hives are essential in order to insure well developed seed... castor oil is extensively used as a purgative and lubricant." (Heber W. Youngken, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Co., 1950, pp. 521-423). Ricinus communis: eranda (Skt.); arand (H.); bherenda (B.); erendi (M.); eri (A.); manda (Ka.); erandam (Ma.); amanakku (Ta.); erandamu (Te.); oil from seeds: purgative (GIMP, p.214). cf. a_man.t.am castor-oil plant (Ta.)(DEDR 360).

808.Cyperus: eruvai European bamboo reed; a species of cyperus; straight sedge tuber (Ta.); eruva a kind of grass (Ma.)(DEDR 819). Typha grass: e_ragu a kind of grass for making coverlets (Pali); e_raka typha-grass (Pali); e_raka a kind of grass with emollient and diluent qualities (MBh.)(CDIAL 2516). iruve_ri cuscus grass (Perun.. Ila_va_n.a. 18,47)(Ta.); id. (Ma.); iruve_li < hri_be_ra (Tiva_.); ir-una_kam cuscus grass; ila_miccai < la_majja cuscus grass, anatherum muricatum with aromatic root (Tiva_.); ila_miccu id. (Kat.ampa. Pu. Ili_la_. 182); ila_maccam < la_majja id. (S.I.I. ii,123)(Ta.lex.) cf. Vetiveria zizanioides = andropogon muricatus: khaskhas (B.); khasakhasa (M.); khas (H.); ushira (Skt.); vattiveru (Te.); vettiver (Ta.Ma.); roots: in infusion considered refrigerant, febrifuge, diaphoretic, stimulant, stomachic and emmenagogue; pulverized and made into a paste in water used as a cooling external application in fevers; their essence used as a tonic; habitat: practically over the whole of India (GIMP, p.254).

809.Image: eagle: eruvai a kind of kite whose head is white and whose body is brown; eagle (Ta.); eruva eagle, kite (Ma.)(DEDR 818).

797.Image: sun: en-r-u < el sun (Kantapu. Vintakiri. 4); en-r-u_r.. summer (Pur-ana_. 75); sunshine (Cilap. 14,121); sun (Kur-un. 215)(Ta.lex.) cf. el lustre, splendour, light (Tol. Col. 271); sun (Tirumuru. 74)(Ta.lex.) elle adv. tomorrow (Tu.lex.) eri the glare or heat of fire (Tu.lex.) ar-kan- < arka sun (Kantapu. Kayamukan-va. 35) (Ta.lex.) cf. arka flash, ray, sun (RV.); akka (Pali.Pkt.); a_k (Mth.); aka lightning (Si.)(CDIAL 624). cf. a_yir-u sun (Ta.lex.)

810.Cardamom: ela_ cardamom (Skt.lex.)(CDIAL 2522). cf. e_lam cardamom plant, elettaria cardamomum (Ta.)(DEDR 907) e_la_ti < e_la_ + a_di lit. 'cardamom and other ingredients', name of an ancient didactic work by Kan.i-me_ta_viya_r containing 100 stanzas and mentioning six virtues in each stanza, one of patin--en.-ki_r..-k-kan.akku (Ta.lex.) Synonyms: vis.kut.i_, pr.thva_ka_, bahula_ cardamom; tuttha_, ko_ran:gi_, triput.a_, tr.ti_ small cardomom (Skt.lex.) {Elettaria cardamomum (Modern Egyptian Arabic habaha_n) The cardamom is indigenous to India and Ceylon. No ancient Egyptian name for it has been identified, nor have traces of it been found, but classical sources mention it as an ingredient in the much-valued Egyptian unguents. Pliny informs us that the best one was made in the city of Mendes. Theophrastus mentions that cardamom was imported into his country from Media, though some said India, and that it found use in perfumes. (Lise Manniche, An Ancient Egyptian Herbal, British Museums Publications Ltd., p.100).

811.Auction: e_la_, ela_m, ya_la an auction, a public sale (Ka.); e_lam (Tu.); e_lamu, ya_la_mu (Te.); nila_m, lila_m.va, le_la_ma, le_la_m.va (H.M.)(Ka.lex.)

812.Rafter: el.anta, el.unta plank (Ma.); el.e rafter (Ka.)(DEDR 854A). fol.e plank (Kon.lex.)

813.To rule: e_lu to rule, govern, control, manage; (inscr.) e_l.u to rule; e_lika ruler, king, lord, master; e_liki government; e_lubad.i, e_lbad.i rule, government; (inscr.); a_d.avan.d.u ruler, master (Te.); a_l. (a_l.v-, a_n.t.-) to rule, reign over, control or manage (as a household), cherish, maintain, keep or maintain in use (Ta.); (inscr.) ya_l. to rule; a_l.an-, a_l.i one who rules; a_l.ukai rule, dominion, control; a_l.va_r the Deity, as supreme ruler; a_t.ci lordship, ownership, government, rule, reign, use, possession; a_t.cai weekday; a_t.al ruling, reigning; a_n.t.a_r owner, master, lord; gods; a_n.t.avan-, a_n.t.ai master, lord; a_n.mai controlling power, possession (Ta.); a_l.uka to rule, possess, have; a_r..ca day of the week, week (Ma.); a.n.- (a.d.-) to possess, rule, keep, own (Ko.); o.l.- (o.d.-) to own (buffaloes), rule (To.); a_l. (a_l.d-) to get, have, possess, govern, rule, manage; a_l.ike, a_l.ke obtaining, ruling, reign, government; a_l.isu to cause to obtain or get, cause to rule; a_l.utana, a_l.tana ruling, rule, sovereignty; a_l.ma, a_n.ma, a_n.ba ruler, lord, master; a_n.d.a_ri rulers, masters (Ka.); a.l.- (a.l.i-) to rule; a.ce week, day of the week (Kod..); a_l.uni to rule, govern, reign; a_l.ik, a_l.uvike, a_l.vike reign; a_d.al.ite, a_d.al.te administration, management, government (Tu.)(DEDR 5157). a_n.t.i a class of non-brahman S'aivas; non-brahman S'aiva mendicant, usually dressed in yellow cloth (Ta.); religious mendicant, worshipper of Subrahman.ya, a Pan.d.a_ram (i.e. S'aiva mendicant](Ma.); o.d.y in: o.d.y fodafng to one who comes begging (To.); a_n.d.i a religious mendicant of the S'aivas (Ka.); an.d.arulu religious mendicants of the S'aiva sect (Te.inscr.)(DEDR 356).

814.Noise: ailaba noise, roar (AV. vi.16.3)(Vedic.lex.) e_le_lo_ a word that occurs again and again in songs sung by boatmen or others while pulling or lifting together; e_la-p-pa_t.t.u boatmen's song in which the words, e_lo_, e_le_lo_ occur again and again (Ta.lex.)

815.Image: frolicsome: e_la_yati to be merry or frolicsome; to be wantonly mischievous in behaviour (Skt.lex.)

816.To abuse: cf. Öhe_l despise; Öhi_d. anger (Skt.); ed.d.isu, i_d.isu to abuse, mock (Ka.); hi_d.ati angers (Skt.)(CDIAL 14123).

817.Image: a fish: e_lan:ga a kind of fish; ili_s.a, illis'a a sort of fish, commonly hilsa or sable (Skt.lex.) cf. ayilai a kind of fish; ayirai, acarai, acalai loach, sandy colour, cobitis thermalis (Ta.); ayala a fish, mackerel, scomber; aila, ayila a fish; ayira a kind of small fish, loach (Ma.)(DEDR 191).

819.Image: bandicoot: eli rat, mus rattus (Kur-al., 763); id. (Ka.Ma.Tu.); elika (Te.); eli bandicoot (Tan-ippa_. i,32,61)(Ta.lex.)

820.Beleric myrobalan: eli-t-turumam beleric myrobalan (Mu_. A.)(Ta.); kali-druma (Skt.)(Ta.lex.)

821.Wave: elava a wave (Kol.); helva id., flood (Go.)(DEDR 830). hillo_la wave (Skt.); hillo_layati swings, rocks (Dha_tup.); hilola wave (MB.); hilora_ (OAw.); hilor, hilori_, hilora_ shaking, wave (H.); hilol.o merriment (G.); hilorna_ to swing, rock to and fro (H.); hi_lolai shakes (OMarw.)(CDIAL 14121). hillati dallies (Dha_tup.); hilln.a_ to shake, be moved (P.); hillhan.u_ to move (WPah.); hilnu to move, be shaken (N.); hiln.o to move, tremble (Ku.); hela_, hila_ to vacillate, oscillate, incline (B.); hi_lna_ to shake; hela_ a push (H.); hilvu~ to move, shake (G.); hi_lo jerk, shake (G.); hiln.e~ to move, stir (M.); hilkan.a_ to be shaken (P.); hilakna_ to write (H.); hilkorna_ to shake (H.)(CDIAL 14120). cf. hallai moves (Pkt.)(CDIAL 14018).

822.Death duty: elavai, e_lavai death-duty; fee for crematorium (Ta.)(SITI.IEG.) elu, iluvu a bone (Ka.Tu.); en-pu, elumpu (Ta.); elumpu (Ma.); emmu (Te.); iluvu, elabu, elavu, elu, elubu, eluvu, elbu, elvu a bone (Ka.lex.) Bone: elumpu, en-pu bone; er-pu-ccat.t.akam body (lit. cage made of bones)(Ta.); ellu, elumpu, elun:ku, eluvu, elpu bone (Ma.); elv id. (Ko.); el.f- id.; kit- el.f ankle;[kit-- small](To.); pid--es-p heel (To.); elu, eluvu, elubu, iluvu, emike, emake, elvu bone; elugu id. (Ka.); elimbi id. (Kod..); elu id. (Tu.); elkal.i, elkade id. (Kor.); emmu, emmuka, emuka id.; makkelu bones (Te.); ed.u_ka monument containing the ashes or bones of a dead person (Skt.); eluka id. (BHSkt.)(DEDR 839). elukad.ito mere skeleton; elukot.t.i, elkot.t.i one who is reduced to skin and bones, skeleton; elukad.ito mere skeleton (Tu.lex.)
 
824.Perfume: ela-va_luka perfume (Skt.) e_lava_luka, aile_ya, kallan:gad.ale, kal.l.an:gad.ale, kal. a shrubby plant, sida rhombifolia (Ka.lex.) al.iyana gid.a an undershrub, sida carpinifolia (Ka.lex.) e_la-va_luka the fragrant bark of feronia elephantum (Skt.Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cf. va_lka made of the bark of trees (Ka.Skt.) (Ka.lex.) The morpheme: e_la- in e_la-va_luka connotes the bael tree; e_le_s'ake_tayya may connote the person with bael as his banner; cf. the image of trefoil on the so-called priest-king statue of the Indus Valley civilization]. aile_ya a perfume (Ka.lex.) cf. ailavila, aid.avid.a Kube_ra (Ka.lex.) A fragrance: ayir candied sugar, kan.t.a-carukkarai; an imported white fragrant substance for burning (Cilap. 4,36); ayirai name of a hill in Ce_ra country, 9 miles west of Palni, now called Aivar-malai (Patir-r-up. 21; I.M.P. Mr. 236); name of a river in the Ce_ra country (Cilap. 28,145)(Ta.lex.) cf. ji_vala_ the tree odina wodier (AV.); jiul, jiuli the gum exuding tree odina wodier (B.); divul feronia elephantum (Si.)(CDIAL 5248). Synonyms of aile_ya a perfume: e_lava_lu, e_lava_luka a perfume, the fragrant bark of feronia elephantum (Ka.Skt.lex.) e_lava_lukai greater cardamom, pe_re_lam (Mu_. A.)(Ta.lex.) Perfume: ayil perfume (Aka. Ni.)(TED). cf. aile_yam, ailava_lukam a kind of perfume (Skt.lex.) cf. e_lam spikenard, jat.a_ma_m.si_; e_la_parn.i par-an:ki-c-cakkai, China-root (Can.. Aka.)(Ta.lex.) cf. va_le_ntira-po_l.am myrrh (Ta.lex.) aila-va_luka, aile_ya a kind of perfume; e_lava_lu the fragrant bark of kapittha, feronia elephantum; a granular substance (used as a drug and perfume); e_lukam a kind of perfume; a medicinal substance of a plant (Skt.lex.) e_lava_lu, e_lava_luka, e_lvava_luka, e_lva_lu, e_lva_luka fragrant bark of feronia elephantum (Sus'r.); aile_ya (Skt.)(CDIAL 2521). t.an:ka fruit of feronia elephantum (Sus'r.)(CDIAL 5429).aile_ya a kind of perfume (Skt.lex.) erya_la a medicinal plant, aloe perfoliata (S.)(CDIAL 2521). Aloe perfoliata... native of Africa... used to prevent falling of the hair. e_luka a kind of fragrant substance (Sus'r.); e_lu a partic. kind of tree (Pkt.); eryo the drug aloes (S.); elu_a_, elwa_ aloe perfoliata (P.); elwa_ aloes (N.); elu_a_, eluwa_, elwa_ (H.); el.iyo (G.); el.iya_, e_l.ya_ inspissated juice of aloes as a drug (M.)(CDIAL 2523). cf. kuma_ri_ aloe perfoliata (Skt.)(CDIAL 3304). {Aloe socotrina ad aloe perryi. Aloes was known to the Greeks as a product of Socotra (about 128 leagues from the mouth of the straits, with Arabia on one side and Ethiopia on the other) from about the first century B.C. Pliny refers to it. Arabs call it sibr; Hindus alia; Cingalese kumarika and the Malays call it alivah... Aloes of Socotra are called suco-cetrino; Portuguese call it azevre; Spaniards acibar, Canarese call it catecomer; Arabs call it cebar... Pliny and Dioscorides say that the best aloes come from India... first brought to India from Socotra... and exported from Cambay and Bengal to Ormuz, Aden and to Juda (Jidda) (G. Da Orta, pp.6-9). Aloe: botanical origin: aloe perryi; aloe barbadensis (aloe vera); aloe ferox; aloe spicata; synonyms: socotrine aloe, curacao aloe, cape aloe; part used: the dried juice of the leaves; habitat: Africa... Aloe perryi which yields socotrine aloe, is a perennial herb indigenous to Socotra... The socotrine aloes is produced in East Africa, the island of Socotra and Arabia... It is brought in a wet condition by Arab traders to Red Sea ports or Zanzibar, thence to Bombay where it is shipped in casks, kegs or skins to Europe, thence to the US... used as purgative in colon constipation." (Heber W. Youngken, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Co., 1950, pp. 198-203).

825.Spikenard; musk-like fragrance: e_lam spikenard, cat.a_ma_ci; unguent for perfuming the hair of women (Tiruva_ca. 29,3) (Ta.lex.) ma_m.si_ the Indian spikenard nardostachys jatamansi (Sus'r.); ma_m.sika_, ma_m.sini_ (Skt.); mam.si (Pali); ma~_si_ (H.)(CDIAL 9987). ma_m.si_ nardostachys jatamansi (Car. Su. 5.21, Gi. 14.231); nalada id. (Car. Su. 3.25, 4.14); palan:kas.a_ id. (Car. Su. 4.48, Ci. 3.267). ma_ci spikenard herb (tutta ma_ci : Perun.. Makata. 17,147); a fragrant substance (Ta.lex.) "Spikenard was of great price and much praised in ancient times. For it is said in the Gospels that that unguent could be sold for more than 300 dinheiros (1 lb. for 300 pence or denarii)... this was in those days, a great sum... They call it espique in the country where it grows, among the Gentios cahzcara... (... the true spikenard... is the fibrous root of nardostachys jatamansi, of the southern slopes of the Indian Himalayas. Its Sanskrit names are, where fresh and soft, pisita and when dry, jat.a_mansi, meaning matted hair plant; and its Arabic and Persian name sumbul atibhindi, meaning 'Indian fragrant arsenic'.)" (G. De Orta, pp. 400-407). ba_luchar nardostachys jatamansi (H.).... a native of the mountains of Northern India and has been used in Hindu medicine from a very ancient period. The fragrant root is considered a nervine tonic, and is much used as an aromatic adjunct in the preparation of medicinal oils and ghritas. (Sanskrit Materia Medica, p.181). Nardostachys jatamansi: jatamansi (Skt.H.B.); balacharea (M.); jatamashi (Ta.); masi (Garhwal); jatamamshi (Te.); jetamanshi (Ma.); bhutijatt (K.); root: aromatic, bitter, tonic, stimulant, antiseptic, employed for treatment of epilepsy, hysteria and convulsive affections; used in palpitation of heart; useful in intestinal colic; essential oil; habitat: alpine Himalayas, 11,000 -15,000 ft., extending eastwards from Kumaon to Sikkim, 17,000 ft. and Bhutan (GIMP, pp.173-174). cf. jatamansi cyperus stoloniferus (M.); mutransialian (Persian); tuber: stomachic, stimulant for heart; habitat: shores of India, especially in sea sand, from Sind to Ceylon; the Nilgiri hills, Malwa in sandy seashore and tidal mud (GIMP, p.89). jat.a_ma_m.si a herb growing on the Hima_laya, the Indian spikenard, nardostachys jatamansi (Ka.lex.) Sumbul: sumbul or musk root consists of the dried rhizome and roots of ferula sumbul... possessing a characteristic musk-like odour... perennial herb native to Asia. The commercial supplies of the drug are obtained from Turkey and Russia... used as a calmative in hysteria and some other nervous disorders. A substitute of sumbul is the rhizome of nardostachys jatamansii (fam. valerianaceoe) native to India. (Heber W. Youngken, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Co., 1950, p. 637).

826.Mass: ogga_ a mass of seeds sown thickly in one place; ogga_ ha_ku to sow thickly with a view of transplantation; oggu to become one, to unite with, to meet together (Ka.Te.); ogga_ to become one, be united (Tu.); oggu, orgu, or-gu an assemblage, a mass (Ka.); oggara a heap, a mass (Ka.) (Ka.lex.)

827.Seasoning: oggarisu to season, to spice (Ka.); oggaran.e, aggaran.e a kind of seasoning done in two ways: into boiling oil or ghee one or more spices are thrown, after which vegetables are added and boiled with the mixture; or to pulse that has been boiled with salt, tamarind, pepper, etc., fried spices are added (Ka.Tu.); pogupu (Te.) (Ka. lex.) cf. ukkira_n.am < ugra_n.i_ (M.) storehouse for provisions, granary (Ta.lex.) cf. pukai smoke (Ta.lex.)

828.To retreat: ok-ku-tal to retreat, fall back (Kampara_. Pal.l.ipat.ai. 106)(Ta.lex.) olku to become bent (Kalit. 77); to tremble from weakness; to bend with trembling (Cir-upa_n.. 135); to walk, tread (Kalit. 115,14)(Ta.lex.) oggu, ur-ugu to bend, to bow; to turn towards (Ka.); to become submissive (Ka.Te.)(Ka.lex.)

829.Image: to trample: okkuka cattle to trample upon sheaves of corn; vb. noun okkal (Ma.); ok- (oky-) to drive (cattle) round in threshing; okl act of threshing one lot of grain completely (Ko.); wik- (wiky-) (bullocks) go round in threshing (To.); okku to tread out corn, remove grain from the ears by the treading of oxen, thresh with sticks; n. threshing; okkal, okkike, okkan.ike threshing; okkisu to cause corn to be trodden out (Ka.); okk- (okki-) to thresh (paddy crop) by driving cattle round on heaps of grain (Kod..); okki heap of paddy on threshing floor on which cattle are driven round (Kod..); ukkhan. to thresh (Pkt.)(DEDR 927). okkike treading out corn; okkal thrashing; okkil separating etc.; okkisu to cause to be trodden out; okku to tread out corn, to remove grain from the ears by the treading of oxen etc.; to thrash (Ka.); var..ukku to beat (Ta.); okkugo_lu a big stick used for thrashing (Ka.lex.)

830.Image: equal: iken, ikin, ikinan, imin, iminan as large as, as much as (Mu.); okka to be equal (Te.)(Mu.lex.)

831.To indent: okkuka to indent (Ma.); okki to scratch (as fowls)(Ka.); okku to dig (Ka.); okkuni to scratch (Tu.); ogi to cut (Kor.); uhca_na_ to scratch (Go.)(DEDR 926). ot.ukku dent or depression in a metal utensil (Ta.)(DEDR 954).

832.Backyard: okol, okoli, ekoli backyard, rear of the house (Kui); okkopara the space at the back of a house; okopa_r.a backyard of house (Kuwi)(DEDR 928).

833.Image: to copulate: o_kkuka to copulate (Ma.); o_l. to have sexual intercourse (Ka.); o.l.- (o.p-, o.t-) to have sexual intercourse with (Kod..); o_ (-pp-, -tt-) to copulate; o_r.. id.; o_l. id. (Ta.)(DEDR 1071). uka to be glad, desire (Ta.); og- (ogy-) to be infatuated, desire strongly sexually (Ko.)(DEDR 558). oha_eb to copulate (of animals)(Mth.); avaba_dhate_ keeps off (RV.); presses down (Skt.); sam.ba_dhate_ (AV.); sam.ba_hai (Pkt.)(CDIAL 796). Copulate: yabh copulate (Skt.); yabhati (AV.Pali); zi (Ash.); yi_v (Kt.); zaw (Pas'.); zav (Kal.); jahan.u (S.); ye_vun., yahan. (L.); jhavn.e~, jha~vn.e~ (M.); jaihn.a_, jahin.a_ (P.)(CDIAL 10418). jahan.i_, jahin.i_, yahin.i_ copulation (S.); yabhana copulation (Vop.)(CDIAL 10419). jabhan.u, yabhan.u to be sexually enjoyed, be tired (S.); yabhan. to have sexual relations (L.); yabbhal corpulent but weak (P.)(CDIAL 10420). yaddhi_ rogue (L.)(CDIAL 10417). abbara desire, craving; abbarisu to desire; arume, arame love, affection, a fickle or libidinous state of being (Ka.); a_ro_mal darling; pleasantly, happily (Ma.); armeli period of heat in animal (Kuwi); a_rvam desire, hankering (Ta.)(DEDR 381). a_vu to desire; a_val great desire, craving (Ta.); a_valar lovers; ava_vu to desire, crave for, covet; ava_van- avaricious person (Ta.); a_vikka to desire (Ma.); a_ba greediness (Te.)(DEDR 394).

834.To spit: oka_liba to eject from the mouth, retch (A.); uka_l.iba_ to vomit (Or.)(CDIAL 1716). ukuliya_iba to eject from the mouth (A.)(CDIAL 1717). cf. okkia vomited (Pkt.)(CDIAL 2538). uchr.a_na, ochr.a_na to vomit (B.)(CDIAL 1650). ur..iyuka to spit out (after rinsing the mouth)(Ma.); ul.u.v spittle (Ko.); ulugu, ul.igu to spit (Ka.); uri, u_l.u id. (Kor.); ur.- to spit out (pips, etc., not saliva)(Pa.); ur.i- to spit out (e.g. stone of fruit)(Go.)(DEDR 687). ugaran.a vomiting (Or.); udgiran.a spitting out (Sus'r.)(CDIAL 1950). ugiro nauseous (S.); ogal, ugal chewing the cud (L.); ugal. chewed stuff spat out (M.)(CDIAL 1952). udga_ra spitting out (R.); spittle (MBh.); ugga_ra vomiting, ejection (Pali); vomiting, belching (Pkt.); uguri wooden trough into which flour falls from the mill (Kal.); uguru (Kho.); uga_r, waga_r chewing the cud (Ku.); uga_r belch (A.); uga_ra vomiting, belching (Or.); uga_r escape (G.); uga_ro saving (G.); ugura throat, gorge (Si.); ugurak a mouthful (Si.); ugga_la- vomiting, belching (Pkt.); uga_li_ chewing the cud (L.); uga_l mouthful chewed and spat out (P.); uga_ chewing the cud (WPah.); uga_l, waga_l spittle, snake poison (Ku.); uga_l that which is spat out (H.); uga_l. (M.)(CDIAL 1957). udgirati spits out, ejects, discharges (MBh.); uggirati spits out (Pali); uggire_i belches, vomits (Pkt.); ugira_i_ belching (S.); ugilna_ to vomit (H.); ugelnu to belch forth (N.); ugra_unu to chew the cud, be on heat (of cows)(N.); ugra_na to vomit, chew the cud (B.); u_garai is saved (G.); ugarvu~ to escape (G.); jugran.o to chew the cud (Ku.); ugalan., pres. part. ugle_nda, uglan. to chew the cud (L.); uggaln.a_, ugguln.a_ to vomit, spring up, be discharged (P.); ugaln.o to vomit, belch out (Ku.); ugalab to vomit, spit out (Mth.); ugalna_ to spit out, dosgorge (H.); u_galai vomits (OMarw.); ugal.n.e~ to spit out, vomit (M.); uga_ran.u, oga_ran.u to chew the cud (S.); uga_rn.o, waga_rn.o to chew the cud (Ku.); uga_riba to belch (A.); uga_r to vomit (B.); uga_riba to vomit, belch (Or.); uga_ri vomits (M.); uga_ran.u, oga_ran.u to chew the cud (S.); uga_ln.a_ to vomit (P.); uga_l.iba_ (Or.); uga_lna_ to vomit, chew the cud (H.); ugal.n.e~ to spit out, vomit (M.)(CDIAL 1960). ukat.t.u to nauseate (Ta.); ur..ekka to be inclined to vomit; ur..appu nausea; ur..antuka to belch (Ma.); ubbal.isu, ubbul.isu to nauseate, become squeamish (Ka.); ogad.isu to vomit (Ka.); uka_lu, ukka_lu vomiting, en emitic (Tu.); ulla_xa_rna_ to feel nausea (Kur.); unglare id. (Malt.)(DEDR 678). cf. o_kka_l.am, o_n:kal retching (Ta.); o_kari, o_ka_l.a vomiting (Ka.); va_karisu, va_kal.isu</