5574.Image: to be on heat (of cows): va_s'ita_ cow desiring bull (AV.); vahura desire of cow, goat etc.for male; vahurjan.u to desire the male (S.); va_hran. to be on heat (of cows)(L.); va_haran.a_ to be on heat (of animals); bahiria_ heated with sexual desire (of cat, lion, elephant)(P.); va_s' cry of animals (Skt.)(CDIAL 11590). va_hate_ bears down (Car.); makes an effort (Dha_tup.); va_hayati makes labour (Skt.); prava_hate_ bears down (of a woman in labour)(Sus'r.); ba_hab (of animals) to copulate (Bi.); va_han.u to cause to labour (S.)(CDIAL 11609). Desire: veh-kal excessive desire; avarice, greed; veh-kutal to desire ardently (arul. veh-ki : Kur-al., 176); to covet (ilamen-r-u veh-kutal ceyya_r : Kur-al., 174); veh-ka_mai absence of desire; absence of cupidity or covetousness (Kur-al.. A_ti. 18, Talaippu)(Ta.lex.) vegan. to be on heat (of a mare)(L.); veg intense sexual desire, venereal orgasm (P.)(CDIAL 12090). ve_ (ve_v-/ve_kv-, vent-) to be distressed by grief or passion (Ta.)(DEDR 5517). ve_t.kai < ve_l.- (Ta.) desire, want, appetite (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 4,9,9); ve_t.ka id. (Te.); ve_t.ci (Tiruman. 437); ve_t.am desire (Pur-ana_. 214)(Ta.); ve_t.a id. (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) ve_t.kai amorousness, one of ten avattai (Nampiya_kap. 36, Urai.)(Ta.); ve_t.kai-no_y desire, appetite (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 9,6,7); morbid appetite or longings of wome during pregnancy (Pur-ana_. 20,14, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) Rut: vekul.ikka to rut; vekul.i excitement (Ma.); vekul. (vekul.v-, vekun.t.-) to be angry, be enraged at, hate, dislike; vekut.t.u (vekut.t.i-) to make angry; vekul.i anger, wrath, dislike, hate; vekut.ci wrath (Ta.); bigad.uni to take offence; bigad.u taking offence (Tu.); vegat.u repulsiveness, disgust, dislike (Te.)(DEDR 5464). For semant. 'anger' cf. ve_ka_l.am anger; heat; ve_kam anger (Kalit. 103); semen (Ta.); force (Tiruva_lava_. 7,6)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

5575.Image: elliptical space: ohara_, ora_ a bout of the plough, the elliptical space ploughed (M.)(CDIAL 12174). pa_k bend, twist, eddy, rounds of a field in ploughing (A.B.)(CDIAL 7618).

5576.Image: riverbank: bagar. riverbank (Ku.); bagar shore, sandy place, shingly place; bagarya_n land on riverbank (N.); vagr.o waste land (G.); vagad.a_ fence, hedge (Pkt.)(CDIAL 11190). Image: water channel: pagar a water channel; paghrao to bring, as rain (Santali.lex.) Swampy land: a.k swamp (Ko.); a.(k) ka.r. swampy land (Ko.)[as opposed to ve.gad. burnt field for shifting cultivation (Kol.)(DEDR 1438)(cf. vey to be burned (forest, fuel)(Kui)(DEDR 5517); cf. gad.d.e island (Ka.)(DEDR 1148). ghat.t.a landing-place, quay (Skt.); gha_t. mountain pass (P.N.B.G.M.)(CDIAL 4414); vayar--ka_t.u paddyfield (Ta.); ka.r. (obl. ka.t.-) jungle without trees, uncultivated ground, unfenced field (Ko.)(DEDR 1438)]; a.ka biggest flat land of a man's holdings (Kod..)(DEDR 336).

5577.Agricultural tract: akam agricultural tract (Ci_vaka. 1613); tree; mountain; earth (Ta.); ah.kam grain (Cin-e_n. 425); akki (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) a~_khn.e~, a~_kn.e~, a~kn.e~ sloping divisions of a flat earth roof for water to roll off (M.)(CDIAL 102). akan.i agricultural tract (Ma.)(DEDR 7). agam land kept for self-grown grass, stubble (Kho.)(CDIAL 1048). kat.a bank of river (Pe.); gat.u (pl. gat.ku) bund, bank (of river, tank, etc.)(Kond.a); boundary, beach, shore; end of a table, field, etc. (Kuwi); ket.t.u bank, dam (Ta.); kat. bank of river (Go.); gat.t.u bank (Ga.); dam, embankment (Ka.Te.); bund of field (Kuwi); pl. gat.ka id. (Kuwi); ga_ttu_ (pl. ga_ttu_na, ga_tka) boundary; ka_dagattu bank of river (Kuwi); kat.t.e id. (Ka.); bund of tank (Kod..); kat.t.a dam, embankment (Te.Go.); bund of field (Kol.Pe.); id., dam, dike (Nk.); kat.t.a_ a dam in the river for catching fish (Go.)(DEDR 1147). Bank round field; trench; ditch: paga_r. trench, ditch, trench and bank, bank round field (B.); paga_r id. (B.); paga_ra ridge round field (Or.); paga_r mound, bank (H.); pagar fence (Sant.)(CDIAL 8464). Field; herd: bagr.o field; bagr.i_ small field (WPah.)(CDIAL 11331). baga_r pasture (H.); baga_l flock, herd, crowd (N.)(CDIAL 11332). cf. gad.d.a hole (Pkt.); ga_ra_ deep hole (A.); ga_n. small embanked field within a field to keep water in (L.)(CDIAL 3981). Ditch, moat: pahan.i ditch, water channel (Or.)(CDIAL 8461). pa_i_ trench round a tent (M.)(CDIAL 8462). cf. pra_ka_ra wall, rampart (Mn.Pali.)(CDIAL 8914). akar.. to excavate, dig out; moat, tank, reservoir (Ta.); akar..i moat; akar..a_n-, akar.. eli field rat; a_r.. to dig; a_r..i to dig deep (Ta.); akar..uka, akir..uka to dig out, excavate; akir.., akar..i moat, ditch, trench; akil., akil moat, earth wall (Ma.); av- (avd-) to dig hole with tool (Ko.); ad.- (ad.0-) to dig (To.); agar.. (agar..d-), agur.. (agur..d-) to dig; agar.. what ha been dug; agar..te digging, pit, ditch; agar..ata, agar..ate digging, ditch, moat; agalte ditch, moat; agi, age to dig, burrow, make a hole in the ground (Ka.); agaru, agal.u ditch, trench, moat; agate overturning the soil by spade (Tu.); agad.ta ditch, moat, trench (Te.); agul- (agult-) to dig (Kol.); agul-/agl- id. (Nk.); agulmur digging (Nk.); ad.g-, ar.g- to dig (Ga.); arxna_ id. (Kur.); arge id. (Malt.)(DEDR 11). Unploughed land: akk- to make, do (Nk.); a_kku to effect, make, create, arrange; n. creation (Ta.); a_kkan- that which is artificial (Ta.); a_gisu to bring about, perform (Ka.)(DEDR 333). akit.t.ha unploughed (Pkt.); akr.s.t.a unploughed land (AV. cf. kr.s.t.a ploughed land (S'Br.)(CDIAL 3449); a_it.ho fallow land, farm (S.); a_et.ha_, a_t.hia_, a_it.hia_ land round a well, part cultivated, part left fallow (L.); a_kr.s.t.a drawn (MBh.); ploughed (Skt.); a_kassati ploughs (Pali); a_git.t.hi drawing (Pkt.)(CDIAL 14). git.t.e lump of earth (Ka.); a clod or lump, usually of earth (Tu.)(DEDR 1539).

5578.Wall, rampart; neighbourhood: pa_ka_r fort-wall; place (Ta.); pa_gal id. (Ka.) (Ta.lex.) pra_ka_ra wall, rampart (Mn.); pagar fence (Sant.); cf. paga_r ditch, bank (H.); pa_ka_ra wall, rampart (Pali); pa_ya_ra-, pa_a_ra-, pa_ra fort (Pkt.); fauru wall (Md.); pa_ra a layer (as of bricks on a wall)(M.)(CDIAL 8914). Image: rampart: pa~_cil rampart (B.); pra_ci_ra enclosure, fence, wall (Kull.)(CDIAL 8921). pa_garo, pa_ga_ro an enclosure (Tu.lex.)

5579.Neighbourhood: pa_n:kar side, neighbourhood, place, location; pa_n:ko_r friends (Tol. Po. 41); pa_n:ku side, neighbourhood, place, companionship (Ta.); pa_n:kan- friend, companion (Ta.); pa_n:ku, pa_n.n.u side, party, propriety, means (Ma.); pa_n.n.an companion, friend (Ma.); pa_n:gu manner, form, shape, likeness (Ka.); pa_ni in: giton.i pa_ni temple of head (Kond.a)(DEDR 4053). pa_yasa_ neighbourhood (OH.); pa_r.os (G.); pa_r.osi_ neighbour (S.); pa_r.os'i_ (G.); pa_d.ive_siya-, pa_d.o_sia- neighbouring (Pkt.); pra_tive_s'ya neighbouring (Ya_j.); neighbour (Mn.)(CDIAL 8936). pakkam side (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 5,5); neighbourhood, nearness; side of the body extending from the shoulder to the hip; pakkatta_r neighbours; countrymen; partisans (Ta.lex.) Side: paks.a side (RV.); paks.as side (RV.); paks.aka side (Skt.); pakkha side (of body or house), faction (Pali); side (Pkt.); obuc side (Pr.); pach faction (K.); pakhu partiality (S.); pakkh side (P.); pa_kho slope, upper part of building, roof (Ku.); pa_kho side (N.); pa_kha_ side wall (A.); pa_kho hill-side (N.); pakkhur. mountain-side; plateau (L.); pa_kha_ side; pa_kha side, nearness; pakha_ side, shoulderblade (Or.); pa_kh(a_) gable and wall of house (Bi.); pa_kh side; pa_kha_ side-wall, shed; pakhu_a_ side, gable-end (H.); pa_kh side, party (G.); side of roof (M.); pa_kha_ side of roof or bodice (M.); pa_khe~ side of roof or udder (M.); pa~_kh side (G.); pa~_khu~ branch (G.); pa~_kh wing, side of roof (M.)(CDIAL 7627). pakhero precipitous slope (N.)(CDIAL 7629). pakhwa_r.a_, pakhwa_ra_ side, gable-end of house (H.)(CDIAL 7632). Image: side beam of roof: pasel, pl. pasela~ side beam of roof (L.)(CDIAL 8119). cf. pa_n:kar side, neighbourhood, place (Ta.)(DEDR 4053). cf. pa_kkam seaside village (Ta.)(DEDR 4047). cf. pakkam side, nearness; pakkal side, one's class or tribe (Ta.); pakkam, pakkal, pakku side (Ma.); pak in phrases: tan paka.r. by himself, of his own accord, tam paka.r. with one another etc. (Ko.); pak side (To.); pakka, pakke, pakku id., proximity (Ka.); pakka near (Kod..); pakk side (Tu.); pakka side; near, adjacent; pakkiya side (Te.); prakka side, part, direction (Te.); paki side (Ga.)(DBIA 233a). Covered terrace: pakha, pukra races in a wall; pacri an enclosing wall (Santali.lex.) paghan.a a covered terrace before a house (Pali); praghan.a (Skt.)(Pali.lex.) pa_ka_ra an encircling wall, put up for obstruction and protection, a fence, rampart (3 kinds: made of bricks, of stone, or of wood, viz. it.t.haka_-, sila_-, da_ru-); pa_ka_ra-it.t.haka_ brick or tile of wall (Pali)(Pali.lex.) pra_ka_ra an encircling wall, a surrounding wall elevated on a mound of earth, a rampart, a fence, an enclosure; pa_gara, pa_gala, pa_ga_ra, pa_gal id. (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cf. pra_ka_ra wall, rampart (Mn.); pagar fence (Santali); paga_r bank, ditch (H.B.); pa_ya_ra, pa_a_ra, pa_ra fort (Pkt.); pa_ka_ra wall, rampart (Pali); fauru wall (Md.); pa_ra_ a layer (as of bricks on a wall)(M.)(CDIAL 8914). cf. pa_ravd.a_ quarter of a village (M.)(CDIAL 8915). Fenced plot of ground: pa_ka_yati < ba_ga_yat fenced plot of ground fit for garden cultivation (C.G.)(Ta.lex.) Ploughed land ready for sowing: ba_haj ploughed land ready for sowing (P.); va_hya to be driven, etc. (BhP.)(CDIAL 11614).

5580.Image: astride: bakkar, bakka_r a stride (Tu.lex.)

5581.Image: enclosure; cluster of houses: pakka_ < pakka_ (U.) adj. built of brick and mortar (Ta.); pa_kkal paving stones, slabs for flooring (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) bakher, bakhri bakhol a homestead, a collection of houses belonging to one family; bese bakher akata he has made a fine homestead (Santali.lex.) bari, bar.i house, household; cas bari, cas bar.i farm and stock; bat.e court-yard of a house; bathan a temporary enclosure for cattle when taken to a distance to graze, a sheep fold (Santali.lex.) Collection of houses in one enclosure: ba_khar cluster of cattlesheds, collection of houses in one enclosure, enclosure, house (H.); vakkhala covered (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12215). bakkhar, ba_khar house (H.)(CDIAL 11189). Abode: bhavana place of abode (Mn.); dwelling (Pali); bhavan.a (Pkt.); bha~_, bha_ house (Mai.)(CDIAL 9417). pavan-am house, dwelling, abode (Tiruva_lava_. Nakara. 8); palace, castle (Iraku. Irakuvu. 30)(Ta.lex.) Quarter; side: vakkal side (Ma.); van:ka direction, side, quarter (Te.); va~_ka quarter, side (Te.); va_kku side, direction (Ta.)(DEDR 5208). Class or tribe: pakkal one's class or tribe (Ta.Ma.) (Ta.lex.) Hut; village: pakkan.a hut of a Can.d.a_la, village inhabited by barbarians (MBh.); paka_n.a woodman's hut, hamlet of woodmen's huts (Or.)(CDIAL 7620). Cell: cf. pa_n:ku cell for prayer (Ta.); id. (< Pers.)(Ta.lex.) Horse stable: pa_ga_ a horse stable (Ka.M.H.)(Ka.lex.) cf. pa_ka hut, hovel (Te.)(DEDR 4047). cf. pa_n:ku place, location (Man.i. 1,61); side, neighbourhood (Cu_l.a_. Na_t.. 2)(Ta.lex.) cf. pa_n:ku-tu_kki-vaittal to put up hut etc. as a preliminary to the penning of sheep for manuring a field (Ta.Na_.)(Ta.lex.) bha_ti_ messmate, fellow-resident (S.) (CDIAL 9428). Inside; house: akam inside, house, place (Ta.); house, room, inside, abode (Ma.); akatta_n master of the house; akatta_l. mistress of the house (Ma.); akatta_n- householder; o_r-akatti husband's brother's wife (i.e. she who is in one and the same house with oneself)(Ta.); o_ragitti, va_ragitti id. (Ka.); akan.i inside, interior; akampu inside; akal inner part of town or village; aka_, aka_yi inside of house, room (Ma.); akna (pl. -n) room of a house (Go.)(DEDR 7). a_gvu~, a~ga_u one's own (G.)(CDIAL 114). cf. aga_ra house (A's'vGr..Pkt.)(CDIAL 52). Woodman's hut; village: pakvas'a name of a barbarous tribe, a cha_n.d.a_la (Skt.lex.) pakkan.a hut of a Can.d.a_la, village inhabited by barbarians (MBh.); paka_n.a woodman's hut, hamlet of woodmen's huts (Or.)(CDIAL 7620). pakvas'a = pulkas'a (Ka.lex.) pukvas'a, pukvasa low, vile; name of a degraded mixed caste, the offspring of a nis.a_da by a s'u_dra woman (Skt.lex.) pulkasa = pukvaka (MS. i.6.11 pulkaka) a man born of a brahmin and a ks.atriya_ woman (Vedic.lex.) pakkuvi < pakvin competent person (Ta.lex.) pulakar < pulaha one of ten praja_patis (Ta.lex.) praja_pati ten personages or ancient r.is.is first created by Brahma_ : mari_ci, atri, an:gi_ras, pulastya, pulaha, kratu, prace_tas, vasis.t.ha, bhr.gu and na_rada (Ka.lex.) pakkan.am quarters of ve_t.ar caste; town, village; place where foreign goods are sold (Ta.); ve_t.an- man of the pa_lai tract (or arid, desert tract)(Tiva_.);[For pa_lai cf. Cilap. 11,6506 (Ta.); pa_laikkir..atti Durga_, goddess of desert tracts (Kalla_. 17,45) (Ta.lex.)]; ve_t.ai street where merchants live; va_t.ai row of houses as in a street; street where herdsmen or hunters reside (W.); village, hamlet (Ta.) (Ta.lex.) pa_kkam seaside village, town, village (Ta.); pa_kkana_r n. of a famous low-caste sage (Ma.); pa_ka-na_d.u jo_gi a kind of S'u_dra beggars (Ka.); pa_ka hut, hovel; -pa_ka (village name suffix); pa_ka-na_d.u one of the Telugu districts under the Reddi kings (Te.); pa_ka hut (Kond.a)(DEDR 4047). pa_kai < pa_kkam village, town (Ta.lex.) Sea-side village; royal residence: pa_kkam sea-side village (Pat.t.in-ap. 27); town, village (Maturaik. 137); pa_ka id. (Te.Ka.); pa_kkam royal residence (Patir-r-up. 13,12, Urai.); pa_kkai sea-side village; town, village (Patin-o. Tiruve_. Tiruvan. 74); pa_n:ku side, neighbourhood (Cu_l.a_. Na_t.. 2); pa_n:gu id. (Ka.); pa_n.n.u id. (Ma.); pa_n:ku place, location (Man.i. 1,61); pa_n:ku-tu_kki-vaittal, pa_n:ket.uttu-vaittal to put up hut, etc., as a preliminary to the penning of sheep for manuring a field; pa_n:ku-pirittal to divide the respective sheep of shepherds who have jointly penned them up for manuring a field (Ta.lex.) pakkad.i the side or flank (Ka.); pakke, par..ke, hakke a place for reposing: a dormitory (Ka.Te.); the lair of a wild beast; a nest; a cow-pen or a herd of kine; pakkevane a dormitory (Ka.) (Ka.lex.) Place: cf. pa_ka_r fort-wall; place (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Seaside village: cf. pa_kkam seaside village, town, village (Ta.); pakkan.a hut of a Ca_n.d.a_la, village inhabited by barbarians (MBh.)(DEDR 4047). cf. paka_n.a woodman's hut, hamlet of woodmen's huts (Or.)(C1DIAL 7620). pakkan.a the hut or abode of a savage (Ka.) (Ka.lex.) pa_karipu Indra; pa_kas'a_sana Indra, punisher of the daitya Pa_ka; pa_ka-s'a_sani Arjuna, Indra's son Jayanta; pa_ka_ri Indra (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) pa_ka-na_d.u jo_gi a sort of S'u_dra beggars, who hunt, sell palmyra writing-leaves and drugs, and are fortune-tellers (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) pakvas'a name of a barbarous tribe, a Ca_n.d.a_la (Skt.lex.) pa_can.t.an- heretic (Vina_yakapu. 83,77); person of heterodox conduct; pa_can.t.i id. (Ar-aner-i. 17) (Ta.); cf. pa_s.an.d.a (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) pa_khan.d.i, pa_khan.d.a heterodox, heretic (Ka.M.)(Ka.lex.) Burning bricks: pa_ka burning (as bricks), baking (Skt.lex.) cf. pa_kad.o heated, purified (OMarw.); pakva cooked, ripe (RV.); pakka ripe, cooked (Pali.Pkt.)(CDIAL 7621). pa_ka-dha_na kiln (Skt.)(CDIAL 8023). pa_ka baking (of bricks)(Mn.)(CDIAL 8022). pa_ka-put.i_ potter's kiln (Skt.) (Skt.lex.) pakva baked, burned, annealed; pakva-is.t.aka_ the baked brick; pakva-is.t.aka_-citam a building constructed with baked bricks; pac to bake, burn (as bricks); to melt (as metals); paci fire (Skt.lex.) pe_ci_ heat (Kal.); pec hot (Kho.); peci heat; peceik to heat (Kho.)(CDIAL 7641). cf. payun to bake (earth or bricks), heat red hot, scorch (K.)(CDIAL 7650). cf. paini earthen vessel in which rice-spirit is distilled (N.)(CDIAL 7651). cf. pa_en brazier's flux or borax (Bi.); panawa_la_ (Mth.); pa_canaka dissolvent (Car.); borax (Skt.)(CDIAL 8027).

5582.Treasury: bakkasa, bokkasa a treasury (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) [bakha_ri_ granary (P.) X Synonym: ko_s'a (Skt.)] Warehouse: bauka a large-sized basket plaited out of pretty broad bamboo lamellae, generally about 5 ft. high and 4 ft. wide. Like the d.ilingi it is used for storing cereals (cf. Pl. XXII.4) (Mu.lex.) vakha_ra warehouse (S.); vakkha_ra granary (Pkt.); vakkha_raya women's quarters (Pkt.); bakha_ra_ basket, granary (P.); bakha_ri_, bukha_ri_ granary (P.); vaks.aska_ra basket; portions of Jaina works; cf. pit.aka-vaks.aska_ra (Jain Skt.); bakha_r, bakha_ri_ straw or brushwood granary in the open (Bi.); bakha_ri_ (Mth.); bakkhar, ba_khar house; bakha_r, bakha_ri_ storehouse, granary (H.); vakha_r (G.M.); vakha_ri_ warehouse-keeper, merchant (G.)(CDIAL 11189). cf. ar-a treasury (Ma.); ar-ai room, square on a chess-board (Ta.)(DEDR 322). Warehouse-keeper; granary: vakha_r warehouse, depot (M.G.S.); ba_kha_r (H.B.); vakkha_rayam. rati-gr.ham., antah-puram (OM.)(Bloch, p. 391). Basket for storing grain: bhaka_r large wooden box to hold grain (Ku.); bhaka_ro small shed (N.); bhaka_ri basket for storing grain (N.)(CDIAL 9345). Store-house: vaippur..i store-house (Kur-al.. 226)[ur..i place, site (Nan-. 163, Virut)](Ta.lex.) vaippu deposit, treasure (Ta.); veppu placing, deposit, treasure; vayin place (Ta.); vaikkam what is laid down, deposit, alluvial ground (Ma.); bay, baycu, baccu, oy to deposit; bay(a)ke deposit, treasure, hoard (Ka.); vaicu, vayicu, ve_yu to place, put (Te.)(DEDR 5549). vai to put, place (Ta.); vekka to deposit; oje to keep (Malt.); uina_ (uyyas) to put down; retain, keep back (Kur.)(DEDR 5549). vaippu place; earth, land, world, town (Ta.)(DEDR 5549). Treasure; stores: pokkaca-vaippu treasure trove; hidden treasure; pokkacam, pokkis.am treasure; stores (Ta.); bokkasamu id. (Te.); bokkasa id. (Ka.); pokkis.akka_ran-, pokkis.a-ta_r treasurer; rich man; pokkis.a-ca_lai, pokkis.a-vi_t.u treasury; pokkis.a-p-pet.t.i coffer; chest for money and other valuables (Ta.lex.) po_kku-vaittal to make underground cellar for hiding treasure; to find out ways of expenditure (Ta.lex.) Royal revenue: po_kkiyam royal revenue spent on coinage, jewels, army, artisans, etc. (Cukkirani_ti. 98); felicity, wealth; use, usufruct; object of enjoyment; mortgage with possession (Ta.lex.) Land revenue: pa_ka-pat.ai a system of land revenue in which a fixed share of the produce is collected (Ta.lex.) Pay, salary: paga_ra pay, salary (Ka.M.)(Ka.lex.) aprug of rare value (Santali.lex.) Settlement; transfer of ownership: po_ka_r-u expenditure of money (Kur-al., 478)(Ta.lex.) po_kku-varavu settlement, a revenue term; transfer of pat.t.a_ (Ta.lex.)

5583.Image: city; gate: bha_gol., bha_gal. gate in wall of town or village, precincts of a village (G.)(CDIAL 9352). Courtyard: va_cal < va_yil gateway, portal, entrance (Kalit. 97, Urai); open courtyard within a house; king's court (Kuruparam. Pan-n-i_. Pak. 176); va_kili gateway (Te.); va_gil (Ka.); va_cikai residential quarters of vais'yas (Ta.lex.) Outside; view from a high place: bayul open space of ground (Go.); bail plain (Go.); baylu open space (Kond.a); maidan (Kuwi); bayalu field (Kuwi); baga.l conspicuous (of a view from a high place), wide-open (of a door)(Ko.); bayal, bayil, baylu conspicuousness, celebrity (Ka.); bayilu, bailu adj. public (Tu.); bayalu outside, exterior, sky, publicity; public, evident, known (Te.)(DEDR 3940). pa_vu path (Nk.); pa_b road, path, journey (Kur.); pawu way, path, road (Malt.)(DEDR 4108). Door: val door (Ga.); vel doorway, gateway (Pa.); bali_ door, screen made of bamboo mats (Kur.); bali matted screen for a door (Malt.)(DEDR 5277). [burda balla doorpost (Kuwi); bar.da bamboo door (Pa.)(DEDR 4009)]. va_ri door, path, entrance; income, produce (Ta.)(DEDR 5270). va_yil, va_yal, va_cal doorway, entrance, gate, place, king's court (Ta.); va_ytal doorway, entrance (Ta.)[cf. talupu door (Te.)(DEDR 3123)]; Image: doorway: ba_kilu door, gate (Tu.); ba_dhal.a door (Tu.); ba_gil, ba_gal, ba_kal, va_kkil (inscr.) gate, doorway (Ka.); va_yil, va_cal, va_yal doorway, entrance, gate, place, king's court (Ta.); va_ytal doorway, entrance (Ta.); va_til id., gateway (Ma.); va.l entrance door (Ko.); va.gl entrance (Ko.); kava.l ground in front of house (Ko.); va_kili door, doorway (Te.); va.kal outside (Kol.); va_kal id. (Nk.); va_l id., menses (Pa.); va_l outside (Ga.)(DEDR 5354). va_yil doorway, gate, king's court (Ta.); va_til doorway, gateway (Ma.); ba_gal gate, doorway (Ka.); va_kili door, doorway (Te.); ba_gil, ba_gal, ba_kal, (inscr.) va_kkil gate, doorway (Ka.); ba_kilu door, gate (Tu.); ba_dhal.a door (Tu.); poxol entrance (To.)(DEDR 5354).

5585.Image: bracelets; armour for the arms: ba_hula armour for the arms (Skt.); ba_hulaga arm (Pkt.); baula_ bracelet (Gypsy); bohli_, ba_hvli_, ba_lhi_ action of the arms in swimming (L.); ba_hul.a armour for the arms (Or.); ba_hul.a_, ba_vl.a_ region of the shoulder-joint (M.)(CDIAL 9233). ba_hutra arm-armour (Skt.); ba_hati armour for the arms (A.)(CDIAL 9231). bhayu_r.i bracelet (Phal.)(CDIAL 9230). ba_huraks.a_ armour for the upper arm (Skt.); baurakh wrist (Ku.); bahirakhu, bahirakhau bracelet (OG.)(CDIAL 9232). ba~_h, ba~_ha_, ba~_i_ bangle (N.); ba_ha_ arm; ba_hi set of bangles from wrist to elbow (Or.); ba~_hu, ba~_hi_ bangle (Bi.); ba_m.hu_ ornament on arm (OAw.); ba_hut.a_ upper arm (M.); ba_ut.a_ armlet owrn by Hindu women (H.)(CDIAL 9229). ba_hupu_raya, ba_puri, ba_hupuri, ba_huli a bracelet worn on the upper arm; ke_yu_ra; ba_huvalaya, ba_hubal.e an arm-ring (Ka.lex.) Images: circle; bangles, bracelets; to surround: val.ai to surround; circle, surrounding region, bangle, bracelet (Ta.); val.aical, val.aippu enclosure, courtyard (Ta.); val.aiyam bracelet (Ma.); ring, circle, bracelet (Ta.); val.aiyal bangle (Ta.); val.a ring, bracelet (Ma.); val. bangle (Ko.); pal. ring at head of churning stick (To.); circle, bangle (To.); bal.e ring, armlet, bracelet (Ka.); bracelet, hoop (Tu.); balayu to surround, besiege (Te.)(DEDR 5313). val to turn, turn around (Skt.); valaya bracelet (MBh. Pali. Pkt.); ring, girdle, circle, circumference (Skt.); val.a_ turn, twist (P.); balaya_, baraya_ pl. bracelet (OAw.); bala_ bracelet, armlet (H.); val.u~ circle, hoop, plot of land (G.); val.e~ ring (M.); val.ai ring, enclosed space (for keeping chaff, cattle, etc.)(M.); val necklace; vala bracelet (Si.); valate_ turns, turns to, speeds towards (Skt.); vallate_ turns, covers (Skt.); valai turns (Pkt.); varan.u to turn, return, bend (S.); valan. to return (L.); valai_ returns (OG.); val.vu~ to turn, turn round, bend (G.); vara_in.u to turn back (S.); vala_van. to return, refund (L.); bala_iba to turn, wind (thread round a bamboo reel)(A.); vale_ti twists, turns (Pali); walun to roll up in, encircle, bind (K.); va_le_i, va_lai turns, twists, makes return (Pkt.); va_ran.u to make return (S.); va_l.vu~ to fold, twist, turn, send back (G.); vallai turns, covers (Pkt.); vallan. to twist, surround (L.)(CDIAL 11407). valaiya twisted, turned round (Pkt.); balai covered (Mth.); valayita encircled (Skt.)(CDIAL 11408). va_laka bracelet; finger-ring; va_lika_ ear ornament (Skt.); wol^u large earring (K.); wail ring (K.); va_l.a_ large ear-ring (L.); va_la_ (P.); ba_la_ (P.); ring on wrist (Bi.); bracelet (H.); ba_lu_ nose-ring (WPah.); ba_lo bracelet (A.B.); ba_li bracelet, ear-ring (B.); ba_l.a_ bangle (Or.); ba_ri_, ba_li_ small ear-ring (H.OMarw.); ear-ring worn by men (Bi.) kan-ba_la_ ear-ring worn by men (Bi.); ba_lea_ ring on wrist (Bi.); ba_lo bracelet worn by Hindus (S.); va_l.o wire; pl. ear ornament made of gold wire (G.); va_l.a_ ring (M.); va_l.i_ nose-ring (M.)(CDIAL 11573).

5586.Incrustation of an exudation on the bark of a tree: hakkal.i an incrustation, a crust or coat, as that of an exudation on the bark of a tree, of cowdung smeared on a floor, of lime applied to a wall, of serum on a wound, etc. (Ka.M.); vakku (Ta.Te.); hakku (Ka.); hakkal.i lac or stick-lac incrusting small sticks (Ka.); cf. laktike, alaktike lac (Ka.); hakkal.eye_r..u an incrustation to rise or come off (Ka.); hakku crusted or dry mucus or rheum; a scab (Ka.); hagaru, agaru, adaru, aduru the dandruff of the head (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Condiments; oil seeds: ba_khar burnt milk sticking to a saucepan (N.); upaskara condiment, spice (Skt.); vakkhar oil seeds in general (L.P.); bakkhar id. (P.)(CDIAL 2265). Condiments, groceries, drugs: vasa_n.u~ condiments, groceries, drugs (G.)(CDIAL 11954). To spice; season food: cf. pagha_riba to flavour curry with condiments and ghee or oil (A.)(CDIAL 8485). bagha_rna_ to season food (P.); to brown onions and spices in heated oil (H.); bagha_r.o (Ku.); baga_rnu (N.); bagha_riba_ to flavour water-boiled curry by frying it with spices in oil or ghee (Or.); vagha_rvu~ to season (G.); vaggha_ria seasoned (Pkt.); vagha_riya~_ pl. seasoned, mixed with spices (G.); vagha_ru seasoning (S.); bagha_r (P.Bi.H.); baga_ra cooking oil (K.); baga_r (N.); vagha_r (G.)(CDIAL 12191). oggaran.e, aggaran.e a kind of seasoning (Ka.); oggarisu to season, spice (Ka.); oggaran.e seasoning (Tu.)(DEDR App.17). paskan.o to distribute cooked food (Ku.); paskanu to take out food out of the pot, deal out (a meal)(N.) (CDIAL 8841). Drug used as a ferment: ba_khara fungus added to boiled rice to ferment it (Or.); ba_khar drug used as a ferment (H.)(CDIAL 12215). Physician: pakkuvar physicians; persons devoted to ve_dic practice, of three classes, viz., karuma-ka_n.t.ikar, patti-ka_n.t.ikar, a_n-a-ka_n.t.ikar (W.)(Ta.); pakkuvava_l.i physician; pakkuvi < pakvin competent person; competent woman (Ta.lex.) To smear: vakanava_ to smear (Si.)(CDIAL 2286). upa_kta smeared (TS.); upatta id. (Pali)(CDIAL 2285). upa_n:ga smearing (Car.); va~_g oil for greasing woodwork (L.); va~_gu oil or soap for axles (P.); ba~_gn.a_ to grease axles (EP.); u~_gna_, au~gna_ id.; u~gan act of greasing (H.); u~gan. axle-grease (G.); va~gan. id., va~gavin.e~ to grease axles (M.)(CDIAL 2293). wazawun to moisten (K.)(CDIAL 2295). upa_jana anointing (Mn.); uvam.jan.a smearing (Pkt.); u~jan. greasing, sticky substance into which axle-grease changes, a thing with which a spell is thrown on a child (G.); va~jan. materials for smearing pots with (M.); vadana unguent (Si.)(CDIAL 2297). um.jissai will wet (Pkt.); um.jia sprinkled (Pkt.); upa_nakti, pl. upa_janti anoints, greases (a wheel)(TS.); u~jvu~ to oil, grease (G.); va~jn.e~ to smear a pot with oil or marking-nut (M.)(CDIAL 2296). cf. isun:g oil (Kur.); isgnu id. (Malt.)(DEDR 422). Image: sediment: baggad.a sediment, settlings, dregs as of oil, the mud or mire in a well, cow-dung mixed with water (Ka.); pagal.a refuse, dregs (M.); van:gal.a bad, foul, nasty (M.)(Ka.lex.) cf. ban:ga_ra, van:ga_ra gold (Ka.); van:ga_ru, van:ga_ra (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) sila_-ba_k a kind of lichen or moss (H.)(CDIAL 11417). Scum; moss: pa~_kud.u moss, mossiness, scum or greenness on putrid water (Te.); pe_kola fungus, moss on water; pe_kor. duckweed (Kond.a); pa.n. moss (To.)(DEDR 4052). cf. a.ka biggest flat land of a man's holdings (Kod..); a.k swamp (Ko.); a.(k) ka.r. swampy land (Ko.)(DEDR 336). cf. baggad.a sediment, dregs of oil (Ka.); pagal.a refuse, dregs; van:gal.a bad, foul, nasty (M.)(Ka.lex.) cf. ban:ke gum, glue, resin (Ka.lex.) cf. paginu, pagina, hagisu gum, resin, exudation of trees; pagininol. (Ka.lex.) cf. pakku fracture, break, crack; outer bark of a tree (Ta.); scab of a sore (Ta.Te.); dried mucus of the nose (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) pakku scab (Te.); dried portion of any bodily secretion, scab (Ga.)(DEDR 3811). pakku outer bark of a tree; tartar on the teeth (W.); scum formed on a prepared dish (W.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) pakkar-ai (corr. of par-kar-ai) artificial blackening of the teeth (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Resin: pagil to be sticky, viscid, glutinous, or adhesive, to adhere, to join (Ka.); jigil id. (Ka.); pacai, payin-, picin- resin (Ta.); panda, paye, pas'e (Ma.); pase viscous matter, gum, resin (Te.); pagale, payale the pulp inside the shell forming the coconut (Ma.); pagina, paginu, haginu gum, resin, exudation of trees, rasa (Ka.); bagi dividing, tearing etc.; bagisu to cause to scrape or scratch and remove, as the filth of a drain (Ka.); bagaru to scratch with the nails or claws (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) ban:ke, bon:ka, bon:ke gum, glue, resin (Ka.); par..uppu slipperiness, glue, mucus (Ma.); var..ukku to slip, slide (Ta.Ma.); var..ukkai the tender pulpy substance inside a young coconut (Ta.); var..ikke id. (Ma.)(Ka.lex.) pacai stickiness, tenacity, adhesiveness; glue, paste, cement (Malaipat.u. 26); pas'a id. (Ma.); pacai glutinous substance in fruits, roots etc.; sap, juice (Kampara_. Kan:kaip. 5)(Ta.); pas'a (Ma.); pasa (Te.); moisture (Kampara_. Ta_t.akai. 3); pas'a (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) Stickiness: pai_ starch made of rice diluted in water (Kur.); paca, pas'a, paya gum, glue (Ma.); pagisu, pagina gum, resin, exudation of trees (Ka.); paya gum, resin (Tu.); pas, pas' greasiness, oiliness (Tu.); pe_semu juice or sap as of mango or palm fruit (Te.); pacihta_na_ to stick (Go.); padxna_ to thicken, acquire half consistence (as glue, paste), become soft, half-melt; render half-fluid (Kur.); pathge to be congealed (Malt.); pacai stickiness, paste, glue, glutinous substance in fruits, roots etc.; (-v-, -nt-) to become glutinous or viscous; stick together; payirppu resin; payan- juice; payin- gum, glue (Ta.)(DEDR 3827). paginu, haginu gum, resin, exudation of trees; nirya_sa, kas.a_ya; elavada haginu = s'a_lmali_ ve_s.t.a, picce (Ka.lex.) For ela- cf. ilavam silk cotton (Ta.lex.) cf. picin- gum, exudation from certain trees; benzoin (Ta.lex.) cf. bihibiji gummy, greasy, sticky (Tu.); piccha_ gum, slimy saliva (Skt.)(DEDR 4134). pasia_ water filtered from boiled rice (Or.); pasewa_ juice draining off fresh opium (Bi.); prase_ka flowing forth (MBh.); resin (R.)(CDIAL 8852). pasyu_n.o to drain extra water off rice while cooking (Ku.); prasin~cati pours out (AV.); prase_cayati pours into (Ya_j.)(CDIAL 8853). Sap: pakara sap, juice (Tu.); bakka sap (Kol.)(DEDR 3817). cf. hakkal.e an incrustation (Ka.); pakku dried portion of any bodily secretion, scab (Ga.)(DEDR 3811). Inner bark; scale: vakku skin (Ta.); cf. tvac (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) vakala inner bark or skin of a tree (TBr. iii.7.4)(Vedic.lex.) cf. valka bark of a tree (TS.); vakka skin, bark (Pkt.); va_lka cloth or garment of bark (Ma_rkP.)(CDIAL 11417). valkalam cortex, a membrane that covers some parts of the body; valkam bark of tree (Tailava.)(Ta.lex.) valkala bark, outer garment (Ya_j.); bokla_ bark (H.); va_lkala made of bark (Skt.); ascetics' bark dress (Skt.); vakkala bark, bark garment (Pali.Pkt.); bakal bark (Ku.); ba_kal, ba_kali scale, husk, bark garment (A.); bakala_ piece of bark (A.); ba_kal bark (B.); bakal.a, bakal.a_, bakla_ (Or.); ba_kal outer planking of a boat (Bi.); bakkal, bakal, bakla_ bark, rind, skin (H.); va_kalam. bark garment (OG.); va_kal. (G.); va_kal. tattered garment, quilt (M.); ba_klu thick, coarse (WPah.); ba_klo (Ku.N.); balku branch (Sh.); va_gala made of bark, bark (Pkt.); bakhala_ piece of bark or skin (A.); va_khal., va_kal. (M.); bokro bark (N.)(CDIAL 11418). valka bark of a tree (TS.); va_lka made of bark (Skt.); cloth or garment of bark (Ma_rkP.); vakka skin, bark (Pkt.); bakk bark (P.); bakt.a_ scale, flat portion (A.); vak-a inner bark of trees (Si.); baku branch; balku, boku (Sh.); va_ka bark; ava_ka without bark (Pali); va_ga, va_ya skin, bark (Pkt.); bakkhe branch (Sh.); va_kh, va_k fibres of palm leaves etc. (G.); filamentous integuments used for making ropes (M.); bikk bark (P.); vukka, bukka skin, bark (Pkt.)(CDIAL 11417). cf. oliyal skin, hide (Ta.); olipu skin, skin of a snake, shape (Tu.); oliyu to be peeled, flayed; olucu to peel, flay, strip; olupu peeling, flaying (Te.); ols- to skin (Kol.); to peel (Nk.); olc- to flay (Pa.)(DEDR 1000). cf. coli- to strip off, peel off, tear (Ta.); chollai to skin (Pkt.)(DEDR 2856). cf. basge to peel (Malt.)(DEDR 5340). valka bark of a tree (TS.); vakka a large elephant rope; vakku-na_r hemp fibre (Ta.); vakku hemp for nets, sackcloth, etc. (Ma.)(DEDR 5209).

5587.Oil seeds; stock in trade; granary: wakhar a general name for oil seeds including til, sarhon. (sesame, mustard); wakhar a_n de ghani kud.h d.awa_in. bring your oilseeds and I will let you have the oil press; wakkhar, bakkhar stock in trade, capital; (particularly spoken by oilmen); bakhari_ a granary; bakhara a basket or box for holding knick-knacks attached to the underside of a cart; bakhra, wakhra part, portion, share; bakkhra, wakkhra_ divided, separate (P.lex.)

5588.Merchant: va_kha_ri_ warehouse-keeper, merchant (G.)(CDIAL 11189). Trader; profession: va_ri resources, income (puyalen-n-um va_ri : Kur-al., 14); produce (Pur-ana_. 35); grain; wealh (Ta.lex.) va_ryam pl. possessions; a blessing, a boon (Skt.lex.) vya_r, ya_r, vya_ra_ thing to be sold; ya_ri, ya_rya_ grocer; ya_r, ya_ra_ things (for sale) (Kon.lex.) cf. va_r-na_ma_ < wari_-na_ma (U.) bill of lading; va_ri part. < wa_ri_ (U.) suffix meaning 'according to' (Ta.) (Ta.lex.) va_ru, vari by, according to; for (Ka.); va_ri_m. (M.); dinasu-va_ri according to the articles (Ka.); va_ra like, in, with, or after the fashion of detail (M.H.); tara_-va_ri various kinds (Ka.lex.) hamar a granary, a storehouse for grain (Santali.lex.) be_hara, be_ha_ra a very clever and able man (Ka.); be_ha_ra, be_hara, yava_ra, ve_vaha_ra (Tadbhava of vya_vaha_ra) doing, performing; process; occupation, work, profession, business, transaction; dealing, traffic, commerce, trade (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) vyavaha_ri, be_pa_ri (tadbhava of vya_pa_ra) transacting, practising any business or trade; a trader, merchant (Ka.); be_pa_ra trade (M.H.); be_pa_ra sa_pa_ra redupl. id. (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) paikar., bepari trader (Santali.lex.) Trader: baikhar corrupted from the Arabic word, bai sale and khar the root of the Persian word kharidan to buy. A broker. Used specially of a person who buys a crop of unripe dates, watches it while ripening, picks the fruit, and sells it by retail. Under the government of Diwan Sawan Mall the baikhars were an important body. The government took the whole of the date-crop, no right of the owners of the land to the fruit being admitted. Each year in har.h (June-July), the date-crop was valued and sold at a fixed price to the baikhars, who were usually the persons who had bought the fruit of the same trees in former years. From the time of sale they had to bear all expenses of watching, picking, drying and selling by retail. The price fixed was rigorously exacted. Rain or a fall in the price of dates of course caused them much loss, but no remissions were allowed on this or any other account. The British government has, however, admitted the right of the owners of the soil to the date trees, upon which a cash assessment has been made. Baikhars are now those who buy the unripe crop from the land owners, and watch, harvest and sell the fruit. The trade is very profitable. They absorb most of the profits that have arisen from the grant by government of proprietary rights: baikhara_n. de ajab cha_le; hik ma_n.h khat.de, kha_n.de sa_ra_ sa_le the ways of baikhars are wonderful; they work for one month, and live a whole year on the profits! (Punjabi. lex.) paikar a trader, one who buys and sells; to trade; adi paikare bad.aea he knows well how to buy and sell (Santali.lex.) One who tends tusser silk worms: paiha a disciple, a follower, one who tends tusser silk worms (Santali.lex.) pakka_ (Tadbhava of pakva) regular; pakka_kharad.e the regular account compiled from the diary (Ka.M.); pakka_ran:gu lasting colour (Ka.lex.) Business: beor.a business, pressure of business; karbar to transact business; kabari, karbaria one who transacts business (Santali.lex.) cf. s'abara (Skt.lex.) beora_ affair (B.); vya_pa_ra (Pali); vya_pa_ra occupation, business (MBh.); va_va_ra business (Pkt.); va_var business, activity (M.); va_vr (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 12205). vya_pr.ta engaged in (MBh.); va_vad.a engaged in (Pkt.); vya_vat.a, bya_vat.a occupied (Pali); via_vad.a (Pkt.); viyavul.u engrossed in (Si.)(CDIAL 12207). vya_pa_rayati employs (MBh.); vya_pa_rita occupied with (Pali); va_varn.e~ to perform, manage, do the business of (farm, house etc.) (M.)(CDIAL 12206). vya_priyate_, vya_pr.n.uti is engaged in (MBh.); va_varai, va_virai is busy (Pkt.); va_varai uses, eats (OG.); va_varvu~ to use, bring into use, live in (a house), spend (G.); va_varn.e~ to busy oneself with, live and act among (M.); va_parvu~, va_varvu~ (G.)(CDIAL 12203). Shopkeeper: baka_l.a a shopkeeper (Ka.); baka_la id. with contemptuous implications (M.)(Ka.lex.) baka_l.abha_tu shopkeepers' rice: rice mixed with curds, butter and milk (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) pakka_ kharad.e the regular account compiled from the diary (Ka.M.)(Ka.lex.) ba~r.ia~ shop-keeper (Santali.lex.) cf. bania_ merchant (H.lex.) a_pan.a shop; a_pan.ika shop-keeper (Pali)(Pali.lex.) paura gadi liquor shop; dokan, gadi shop (Santali.lex.) cf. pan.yas'a_la_ shop (Skt.)(CDIAL 7720). Spread out: pakhal. litter, rubbish; pakhard.a_ id. (M.)(CDIAL 8854). pakharn.e~, pakhal.n.e~ to scatter, strew; pakharn.i_ scattering (M.); pakheran.u to spread out, diffuse (S.); pakher.an.u id. (S.)(CDIAL 8855). Shop: pagga_hika belonging to, receiving (or trading?) in cpd. pagga_hika-sa_la_ a shop (cf. Vinaya Pit.aka Texts III.383: would he set up as a hawker in cloth or would he open a shop?); paggahan.a stretching forth, lifting, holding out; of the hands as sign of respectful salutation; paggaha favour, kindness, patronage; exertion, energy; paggahita holding up, or (being) held up (Pali); cf. pragr.hi_ta lofty (BHSkt.) (Pali.lex.) cf. prasa_ra trader's shop (Skt.); pasa_ro extension of family or property, household (Ku.); pasa_r extension (N.); extent of practice in business, popularity (B.); pasa_ra_ expansion (P.); pasa_ro expansion, crowd (S.); pasr^u petty shopkeeper (K.); paha_ra_ goldsmith's workshop (P.); poha_r small shop (A.); pasa_ru spices (S.); pasa_r-hat.t.a_ druggist's shop (P.); pansa_ri_ grocer's shop (Ku.); prasa_rayati spreads out for sale (Mn.); puha_ra_ breaking out (of fever, smallpox etc.)(P.)(CDIAL 8835). prasa_ran.a spreading out (S'Br.); pasa_ran.a stretching out (Pali); pasaran.a cloth spread on ground, carpet, lacquer work, enamel (Si.)(CDIAL 8836). prasa_rin spreading out (Pa_rGr..); pasa_rⁱ shopkeeper (Ku.); poha_ri (A.); pasa_ri druggist, petty trader (B.); druggist, pedlar (Or.); pasa_run.i_ f. (Or.); pasa_ri_ seller of spices (H.M.S.P.); pansa_ri grocer (N.); pansa_ri_, pa~sa_ri_ seller of spices (H.P.); X pan.yas'a_la_ (CDIAL 8839). baja_r < ba_za_r (Pers.) a market, a street in which waes are sold; baja_ri pertaining to the market (P.lex.)cf. pan:ka_ru gold (Ta.); ban:ga_ru (Te.); ban:ga_ra (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) pakkan.am place where foreign goods are sold; pa_kkam royal residence (Patir-r-up. 13,12, Urai); pa_kkiyam prosperity, riches (Civap. Pira. Civaja_n-a. Kalam. 51)(Ta.lex.) cf. pa_ka-put.i potter's kiln (Ta.lex.) cark spices for curry (Ko.); carakku drugs (Ma.); spices, curry-stuffs (Ta.)(DEDR 2353). pasal booth, shop (N.); pasara_ tray of goods for sale (B.Or.); prasara advance, extension (Skt.); pasara extension (Pkt.); pasar extension of family, lineage, family, household (Ku.)(CDIAL 8824). prasa_ra extension (Sus'r.); trader's shop (Skt.); prasa_rayati spreads out for sale (Mn.); la_sar bench-like flower beds outside the window (Pas'.); pasa_r rest (K.); extension (N.); extent of practice in business, popularity (B.); stretching out, expansion (G.); pasa_ro stretching out, expansion (G.); extension, bigness, extension of family or property, lineage, family, household (Ku.); pasa_ra extent of practice in business, popularity (Or.); pasa_ra_ stretching out, expansion (H.P.M.); pasa_ro expansion, crowd (S.)(CDIAL 8835). prasa_ran.a spreading out (SBr.); pasa_ran.a stretching out (Pali); pasaran.a cloth spread on ground, carpet, lacquer work, enamel (Si.)(CDIAL 8836). prasa_rayati stretches out, extends (VS.); pasa_re_ti extends (Pali); pasa_re_i (Pkt.); prasar to win (Gypsy); pasa_run, pas^arun to beat out a metal plate thin, pare off the edges of a metal plate (K.); pasa_rn.o to stretch, throw, lay flat (Ku.); pasa_ra_ to spread out (B.); pasa_riba_ to spread out, exhibit for sale (Or.); pasa_rab to spread out (Mth.Aw.); pasa_ral (Bhoj.); pasa_rna_ (H.); pasa_rn.o (Marw.); prasa_vu~, pasa_rvu~ (G.); pasarn.e~ (M.); paharanava_ (Si.); pa_ran.u to stretch out (S.); pasa_rn.a_ (P.)(CDIAL 8838). prasarati advances, extends (RV.); breaks out (of disease)(MBh.); pasarati extends, scatters (Pali); pasarai (Pkt.); paharjan.u to be put to graze (of cattle)(S.); pasarn.o to lie at full length, sleep, be idle (Ku.); pasrinu to lie down (N.); pasaral to spread (Bhoj.); pasarai is spread out (OAw.); pasarab to spread out, lie down (OAw.); pasrata_ to spread out (Konkan.i); pasarna_ to spread out (H.); pasarvu~ (G.); pasarn.e~ (M.); pasar grazing cattle at night on forbidden pastures (H.); pasar grazing cattle in the morning (G.); pasiran.u to expand (S.); passarn.a_, pasarna_ to be spread out (P.)(CDIAL 8825). pakheran.u to spread out, diffuse (S.)(CDIAL 8855). vakai class, caste, manner, method (Ta.); vakuppu kind, sort (Ma.); To accomplish a business: vakayikka to accomplish a business (Ma.); bage division, section, class, caste (Ka.); bage kind, manner, species, income (Tu.); vaga manner, mode, means (Te.); vaka variety, sort, kind (Kui)(DEDR 5202). Business, occupation; trade: va_va_ra business (Pkt.); va_var business, activity (M.); va_vr (Konkan.i); vya_pa_ra (Pali); beora_ affair (B.); vya_pa_ra occupation, business (MBh.)(CDIAL 12205). vya_pa_rayati engaged in (MBh.); vya_pa_rita occupied with (Pali); va_varn.e~ to perform, manage, do the business of (farm, house, etc.)(M.)(CDIAL 12206). vya_pr.ta engaged in (MBh.); va_vad.a engaged in (Pkt.); vya_vat.a, bya_vat.a occupied (Pali); via_vad.a (Pkt.); viyavul.u engrossed in (Si.)(CDIAL 12207). va_yppu wealth (Tiruppo_. Can. Ma_lai. 73); fertility (Na_mati_pa.621); profit, gain (I_t.u., 2,10,10)(Ta.lex.) va_yppai debt (Ta.); va_yppa, va_yippa a loan (Ma.)(DEDR 5355). vyavasa_yin industrious (MBh.); vivasa_i_u trader (OG.); vasva_yu~ member of the artisan class who receives a fixed share of the harvest and land to build a house on (G.)(CDIAL 11832). Merchant; granary: bauri a caste of semi-hinduized aborigines (Santali.lex.) voha_rika merchant (Pali.lex.) cf. kot.t.a_gha_ra granary (Pali.lex.) Shopkeeper: ba~r.ia~ the bania caste, a shopkeeper or pedlar who sells salt, spices, tobacco etc.; bani payment for services made in kind to oilmen, goldsmiths etc.; bania potole a small pannier, a small round bundle, anything of the shape of a small pannier; banij to trade, to obtain with some trouble, to search for, to personally call one to attend a panchayat; banij bepar to buy goods at one place to sell at another, to trade; bepari, beparia a merchant, a trader; bepar to trade, to traffic, to buy and sell; pher bepar buying and selling (Santali.lex.) Wealthy: vahur.o wealthy (S.); vas shine (Skt.); vasu good; wealth (RV.); wealth (Pali.Pkt.); wese goat (Ash.Kt.); wase_i, ose_ (Wg.); waicar collect. 'goats' (Pas'.); wosee goat (OPrus.)(CDIAL 11446). vahu_n.a~_ being in power or authority, able (L.); vahi_n.o submissive (S.); basa_i is able (OAw.)(CDIAL 11431). vasi_yas better, more prosperous (TS.); vasyas (RV.); va_hyo~ wealthy (S.)(CDIAL 11445). cf. vas'a will, authority, power (RV.); vas'e_na on account of, by means of (S'rS.); vasa will, power (Pali); vase_na on account of (Pali); vasa (Pkt.); va_h, ba_h power (P.); bas authority, control (N.); bas'a (obl. bas'u~ owing to)(Or.); bas (basi rahab to be under the control of)(Mth.); bas (Bhoj.Aw.H.); basi loc. sg. in the power of (OMarw.); vasi, vasu_ (OG.); vasin through, by means of (OSi.); visin, vaha control (Si.)(CDIAL 11430). Obligation: vas' will (Skt.); vas'ya to be subjected, obedient; in cmpd. or with gen. 'at the disposal of' (MBh.); vassa- subject, subject to (Pkt.); bas' verbal enclitic with obl. of inf. to express necessity, propriety, obligation, ability (Kho.); particle with inf. to express necessity (Sh.); vassa_ capable, fit, able, worthy (L.); vass, bass power, authority (P.)(CDIAL 11433). vas'i_kara subjugating (MBh.); vas'i_karan.a bewitching (Pa_rGr..); vas'iyar snake (G.)(CDIAL 11432). bhara support (Skt.); bharvaso, bharoso confidence (S.); bharossa_ (P.); bharosa_, bharsa_ trust, dependence, support (Ku.); bharos, bhoras support (N.); bharas, bharasa_ reliance, trust (B.); bharaxa_ (A.); bharasa_ (Or.); bharos hope, consolation (Mth.); bharos, bharosa_ confidence (H.); bharoso (Marw.); bharo~so, bharu~so (G.); bharvasa (M.)(CDIAL 9398). bahbahia, bhale wealthy; behal to lose wealth; ha~sil to come into possession (Santali.lex.) va_hin possessing (Skt.lex.) vitta found (AV.); a find (AitBr.); goods, power (RV.); wealth (Pali.Pkt.); vitu power, ability (S.); bit money (A.); bita wealth (Or.); bit (Mth.); vi_t (G.)(CDIAL 11727).

5589.Trader; vendor of drugs: bha~oria one who peddles salt, tobacco, spices etc. and carries his wares in a basket on his head (Santali.lex.) buhur^u vendor of drugs etc. (K.); vyavaha_raka trader (Skt.); bohora_ name of a clan of Chetris (N.); bohra_, bauhra_ class of village bankers (Muhammadans originally from Gujarat)(H.); vahoro, voro, horo trader (G.); boro (H.); nagala-viyoha_laka_ nom. pl. city magistrates (As'.)(CDIAL 12175). bakkasa, bokkasa a bundle; ko_s'a, artha; bokkasadavanu a treasurer (Ka.lex.) vakan- < baka Kube_ra; Baka, an asura or demon; vaka_ra-v-uppu rock-salt (Ta.); paha_r (U.); vakai goods; property; means of livelihood; the principal stock in trade (W.); vakaiyara_, vakaira_, vakaiyar-a_ etcetera (Ta.); wagaira (U.); va_kat.am < va_gbhat.a medical science; medical treatise (Takkaya_kap. 553, Urai.); va_kat.ar physicians (Piramo_t. 10,15)(Ta.lex.) bokram, bokran to apply medicine of the consistnce of paste externally to the body (Santali.lex.) be_ri trader (Tadbhava of vya_pa_ri) (Ka.Te.); biya_ri (Ma.); be_ra ma_d.u to trafic (Ka.); be_ra trade (Ka.Te.); be_r root (Ka.); ve_r (Ta.Ma.); be_pa_ra (Tadbhava of vya_pa_ra) trade (Ka.M.H.Te.); parada, harada a dealer, a merchant (Ka.Te.); paraditi a merchant woman; paradu, haradu trade, traffic; parade_s'a a foreign country; a remote country; pombarada, sonnevarada gold merchant; si_revarada cloth-merchant; haradike trade, traffic; haradu trade, traffic; haradugey to trade; harapriya Kube_ra; hare to spread, to extend; haredu, haradu id. (Ka.); haravu to spread; harahu id. (Ka.); hariba business, affair, work, concern (Ka.); harika_r-a a hawker, a chandler (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) vyavaha_rayati deals with (SaddhP.); beha_riba_ will employ (MB.)(CDIAL 12176). vyavaha_rin trader (Mn.); vo_ha_rika magistrate (Pali); vivaha_ri_ trader (OG.)(CDIAL 12178). To collect funds: viya_pa_ri-ttal < vya_-pr. to collect funds, as for a festival; to operate, act; to be worked; vya_pa_ram action, operation; function (Ve_ta_. Cu_. 77); trade, commerce; transaction; vivaca_yam, viyavaca_yam labour, active occupation; agriculture; buying and selling, trade, traffic (Ta.lex.) ve_t.ai street where merchants live (Ta.); va_t.ai < va_t.a row of houses as in a street; street where herdsmen or hunters reside; village, hamlet (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) vicam (prob. vihita) rate (S.I.I. iii,314); expense (S.I.I. v,307); allowance, batta (Na_.) (Ta.) (Ta.lex.) cf. besa_d trade (B.); besa_ti (B.); bisa_ti_ (Bhoj.); vais'yavr.tti trade (Mn.)(CDIAL 14810). cf. bisa_, besa_ purchase of grain (Ku.); visa_hia accomplished (Pkt.); viha_jhn.a_, viha_jn.a_ to buy (P.); viha_in.u to buy (S.); besa_unu to buy (N.); bisa_hna_ to get possession of, buy (H.); visa_hai exchanges (OG.); viha_jan. to buy; via_jhun. to acquire (L.)(CDIAL 11979). cf. ve_sa to redeem (Kui)(DEDR 5523). vi_t.u-kol. (kol.v-, kon.t.-) to recover, get back (Ta.); vi_t.uka to be paid or discharged, be complete as a fast, be revenged; discharge; vit.t.uka to discharge what is due, repay (Ma.) bu_t.uni to repay, give in return, avenge, revente (Tu.) (DEDR 5453). vessa_, ves merchant (Si.); beha_ trade (A.); vais'ya peasant as member of the third caste (RV.); adj. belonging to such (MBh.); vassalage (TS.); vessa, vessi_, vessika_ member of the third caste (Pali); vessa-, ve_sa-, ve_si_ (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12150). Puddling in rice plants: beusiba_ to puddle in rice plants (Or.); bi_sna_ to set out pieces in a game (e.g., chess)(H.); beusa_ act of puddling in rice plants (Or.); beusan.a id. (Or.)(CDIAL 11622). cf. vyavasa_ya agriculture (Skt. lex.) Agriculture: be_sa_ya (Tadbhava of vyavasa_ya) agriculture; be_sa_yaga_r-a an agriculturist, a farmer (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) be_sa_yo cultivation (Tu.lex.) besa_iga_r, besa_iga_ra_ cultivator; besa_i, besa_ye cultivation; besa_i kar to cultivate (Konkan.i.lex.) vepa_r, vepa_ra_ trade; vepa_ri, vepa_rya_ trader (Konkan.i.lex.) Rate; portion; memorandum of the produce at harvest: va_ci rate, as of interest; portion (S.I.I. iii,123); discount, in changing money (Te_va_. 572,1); fitness, propriety; va_ci-ya_ta_stu memorandum of the produce at a harvest (Ta.lex.) va_ci_pu propriety of conduct; regularity < wa_jib (U.)(Ta.lex.) va_calviniyo_kam an ancient tax (S.I.I. ii,115); va_car-pan.am id. (S.I.I. i,93); va_car-kan.akkan- accountant in a palace (Ta.lex.)

5590.Establishment in an office: bahali synonym of acu to engage a servant, a workman; bahali-n, ba_li-n to engage oneself as servant or workman; hasa dul kamiree bahalinjana he has engaged himself as a navvy; sindisumre kamimentee bahalinjana he has accepted an engagement to go and work in Singbhum; bahali-o ba_li-o to get employment, to get engaged for service; ba-n-ahali, ba-n-a_li the result of the action, i.e. the men one has engaged; bana_lii ba_likedkoa kami kamo donotana he engaged such a number of workmen that there is not work for all (Mu.); ba_li (Hasada dialect); baha_li karek to reinstate (Sadani)(Mu.lex.) bahali establishment in an office (Ka.M.); bahali barataraphu establishment and dismissal (Ka.); baha_li_ establishment in an office (H.M.); bahalu established in or invested with (Ka.); baha_la (H.M.)(Ka.lex.) bowa_ti_ flowing (A.); bau~ta_ serving as a servant; vahant carrying, flowing (Skt.)(CDIAL 11457). bahal to appoint to office; bahali office; paka paki to establish an agreement; baisau to establish (Santali.lex.) To appoint to an office: bohal to appoint, nominate, install; bahal to engage, to appoint to an office, to begin; et.ak sahebe bahal akana another gentleman has got the appointment; bahali an office, a position, an appointment; bahali khonin chut.an ocomea I shall cause you to be dismissed from your appointment; presuming upon one's office; presumptuous (Santali.lex.) bahi an account book; a heap, a pile, large quantity; mit bahi dakae emadin he gave me a pile of rice (Santali.lex.) The official sacrificer; head of a village family: pahanr, pr.a, pahr. the official sacrificer; the head of a village (Mu.lex.) pahr., pr. the public sacrificer in each Munda village; the office of pahan (Mu.); pahan (H.); pa_han, pa_ha_n (Skt.); ... in a few villages in the Hasada country, and in nearly all the villages elsewhere, a rice field, called pahanai or dalikata_ri, is attached to the office (of pahan). The Mundas, kept to this day as pahans in the villages where Oraons have superseded the Mundas, also possess such a field (Mu.lex.) Animal for sacrifice: pahur., pahur an animal or fowl intended for a sacrifice; okatek calak kana? pahur. nan.amin. calak kana Where are you going? I am going for an animal for a sacrifice (Santali.lex.) Village: [For semant. 'land' and 'farming or tenanting' cf.: kun.t.e pit, pool, pond (Ka.) (DEDR 1669) kud.u farmer (Ka.); kut.i house, home, tenants (Ta.)(DEDR 1655)]. kht.kat.i_, kht.kat.i_da_r, ku_t.kat.i_, ku_t.kat.i_da_r in reference to the Mankipatti country where there are no zamindars, i.e. no individual owners of a village, and all the land is legally owned by the village community, only a small quit-rent being paid to the rajah. The term kht.kat.i is used as adj. with disum, hatu, hor.o, ote. kht.kat.i hor.i is a synonym of kht.kat.ida_r a member of a village community which legally owns its lands; kht.kat.i ote is such land as is actually possessed by a kht.kat.ida_r in virtue of his membership in the village community, in contrast to raiti ote, land possessed under a landowner, i.e. land granted by the village community to an outsider... The Mundari khuntkattidar as defined in the Chota-Nagpur Landlord and Tenant Procedure Act, 1913 'means a Mundari who has acquired a right to hold jungle land for the purpose of bringing suitable portions thereof under cultivation by himself or by male members of his family and includes the heirs in the male line of any such Mundari...' (Mu.lex.) khu~_t., khu_t., ku_t. either of two branches of the village family. These are: pahr.khu~_t., pr.ku_t. the elder branch, to which the official village sacrificer must belong; and the mund.akhu_t. the younger branch, in which the position of village chief is hereditary (Mu.); kht. (Oraon); ... the pure Mundari khuntkatti village usually contains three elements, namely (1) the khuntkattidars, (2) the parjas or raiyats, and (3) the subsidiary castes. The khuntkattidars are the descendants in the male line of the original founders of the village. As such they are all akin, of equal status and differing in wealth mainly owing to differences in size of the families of their ancestors. As a group they are the owners of the whole of the area included in the village boundaries, subject to the payment of a fixed annual rent to the superior landlord. This annual rent was originally made up solely out of the subscriptions (chandas) of the various khuntkattidars; but in most villages these subscriptions, or some of them, have now been reduced, the deficit being made good from the rent paid by the parjas. The amount of a man's subscription, no doubt, originally corresponded with the share of the cultivated lands which he inherited; but, inasmuch as the uncultivated lands, though as such held in common, were liable to be appropriated by any individual khuntkattidar who might reduce them to cultivation, such correspondence is not now found to exist. It is to be noted that the cultivated lands are not held in common, and that no trace is found of the existence of any custom of equalization of shares or periodic re-distribution of lands... The parjas are almost invariably Mundaris, and very often are relatives on the female's side of the khuntkattidars. They are in no sense co-owners of the village, and can bring under cultivation only such specific lands as may from time to time be given to them. The subsidiary castes (Pernains, Mahilis or Khangars, Bhogtas, and Barais) perform the non-agricultural functions necessary to the village life and rarely cultivate land... the community looks on itself as a family, and as such requiring a head or common representative, called pahanr, to exercise over the whole village functions exercised in his own household by the individual head of the family. These are both religious and civil... Inasmuch as the sacrificer exercises important religious functions which are incumbent on him in his quality as elder or head of the village family, he is called pahanr. He is pahanr because he is the real social elder, or head, or patriarch of the village family... The civil functions ... presiding over panchayats for the settlement of various kinds of disputes... inflicting punishments (generally fines, sometimes expulsion)... collecting and transmitting to the proper authority the various amounts owing as quit-rent and other dues... In the exercise of these civil functions the pahanr was assisted by the next most prominent and influential member of the community, the mund.a... A khuntkatti area is subdivided into circles called pat.is. The pat.i comprises generally at least ten or twelve villages. The manki is the chief of a pat.i, and his duties now consist mainly in realizing the quit-rents due by the villages of his pat.i to the superior landlord, as well as other dues, such as road-cess and rakumats... the villages of a pat.i are divided into two categories, viz., (1) thakur villages, or those which contribute the superior landlord's share of the rent; and (2) chaputa villages, or those which contribute the manki's share of the rent... As a rule, the manki makes out a collective receipt in the names of both the mund.a and the pahanr; and in some instances two separate receipts are given, one to the mund.a and one to the pahanr... In west Sonpur are found the parhas, consisting of groups of eight or more villages... (Mu.lex.) par.ha a group formed by all the villages of a clan which are grouped around the original village (Mu.); pa_r.a_ sportive association of a group of villages (Oraon); cf. pat.i, pi_r. (Mu.lex.) pa_t.-mund.a or hatumund.a, maran mund.a a village chief who does not collect himself the rent in all his hamlets but has under him one or several hamlet chiefs called t.olamund.a, hur.in mund.a (or kiliren mund.a when the clan of the hamlet differs from that of the village) who collect it in their respective hamlets and hand it over to him. He in his turn hands it over with the rest of the village rent to the manki (Mu.lex.) pr.a, pahr., pahanr the official sacrificer; the head of a village (Mu.lex.) pat.i_ the group of villages under a mr.ki (Mu.); pat.t.i division of a village (H.); pat.t.i_ town, village (Ta.)(Mu.lex.)

5591.Contract; trade: be_ha_ra, be_hara, yava_ra, vevaha_ra, vyavahr.ti, vyavaha_ra a contract; doing, performing; conduct, behaviour; operation, action; process, procedure, practice; affair; occupation, work, profession, business, transaction; dealing, traffic, commerce, trade; a contest at law, a lawsuit; the practice of the courts of law; fight, quarrel; use, usage, habit, custom; adherence to law; steadiness, propriety; avaha_ra, avaharan.a throwing away, laying aside; taking away; stealing, plundering; taking back; fining, mulcting; vyavaha_ra-maulya-san:ke_tana appointment of the price in a transaction; key-ma_d.u to make signs or gestures with the hand; to represent the form of something by means of the hands; to appoint or fix the price or to agree about the price in a transaction, to conclude a bargain (Ka.); vyavaha_rika relating to practice or business; transacting business, engaged in business; customary, usual, common, ordinary; vyavahartr. one who transacts business or is engaged in any affair; a litigant; vyavaharisu to be employed or used, to be in use; to deal in, to traffic with, to carry on a business or trade; to litigate; vyavaharisuvike carrying on a business etc. (Ka.lex.) vivaram < vivara particulars, details; circumstances as of a narrative; discrimination, the capacity to reason and distinguish (Ja_n-ava_. Mumut.. 10); vivari-ttal < vivr. to relate in detail, enter into particulars (I_t.u, 5,1,3)(Ta.lex.) vivakari-ttal < vyava-hr. to argue (Ta_yu. Cittar. 10); to expound (Ta_yu. Paripu_. 1); vivaka_ram < vyava-ha_ra judicial proceedings, litigation; disputation (Ta_yu. Cacci. 9); vivaka_rikam custom (Ta.lex.) vyavaha_ra behaviour (MBh.); custom, business (Skt.); vo_ha_ra trade, business (Pali); vavaha_ra daily work, lawsuit (Pkt.); vuha_r, buha_r trade (P.); buha_r custom (WPah.); ohara_, ora_ a bout of the plough, the elliptical space ploughed (M.); vahara custom (Si.); viyohala_-samata_ equity in judicial procedure (As'.); vihiva_ra business (OG.); vaheva_r intercourse, transactions (G.)(CDIAL 12174). vohorvu~, vorvu~ to buy, collect (G.)(CDIAL 12173). buhur^u vendor of drugs etc. (K.); bohora_ name of a clan of Chetris (N.); bohra_, bauhra_ class of village bankers (Muhammadans originally from Gujarat)(H.); boro trader (H.); vahoro, voro, horo trader (G.) (CDIAL 12175). vuharai buys (OG.); hr. take, carry (Skt.); vyavaharati deals, trades (A_past.); has intercourse with (Gr.S.); vo_harati administers, governs (Pali); vavaharati works, is busy (Pkt.); oran.u to talk over one's troubles (S.) (CDIAL 12173). vyavaha_rika_ servant, female slave (R.); bwa_ri_ son's wife (Ku.); buha_ri, buwa_ri (N.); bowa_ri son's or younger brother's wife (A.); bauha_ri_ wife, son's wife (MB.); bori bride, son's wife, brother's wife (Gypsy)(CDIAL 12177). vya_priyate_, vya_pr.n.ute_ is engaged in (MBh.); va_varai, va_virai is busy (Pkt.); va_varai uses, eats (OG.); va_varvu~ to use, bring into use, live in (a house), spend (G.); va_varn.e~ to busy oneself with, live and act among (M.); va_parvu~ = va_varvu~ (G.)(CDIAL 12203). vya_pa_ra occupation, business (MBh.); va_va_ra business (Pkt.); va_var business, activity (M.); va_vr (Konkan.i); vya_pa_ra (Pali); beora_ affair (B.)(CDIAL 12205). vya_pa_rayati employs (MBh.); vya_pa_rita occupied with (Pali); va_varn.e~ to perform, manage, do the business of (farm, house ect.)(CDIAL 12206). vya_pr.ta engaged in (MBh.); va_vad.a engaged in (Pkt.); vya_vat.a, bya_vat.a occupied (Pali); via_vad.a (Pkt.); viyavul.u engrossed in (Si.)(CDIAL 12207). atihr.ta added to (Skt.); atiharati stands out above (S'Br.); atiharati brings over (Pali); ihal.a above (Si.); hr. take, carry (Skt.)(CDIAL 219). harapita, ha_ra_pita_ni, ha_la_pita_ causes to be imported (As'.); ha_rayati causes to be taken (MBh.)(CDIAL 14061). Monastery; temple; arrangement: vihara (OSi.Bra_hmi_); vahara (OSi.inscr.1 cent.B.C.); vahera (OSi.4 cent. A.D.); veher (OSi.10 cent.); vehera Buddhist temple, monks' residence (Si.); viha_ra arrangement (AitBr.); roaming, pleasure ground (MBh.); monastery (BHSk. ii 505); walking about, sojourning, monastery (Pali.Pkt.); viha_raka hut (Pali); vihara-yatra, viha_la-ya_tam. pleasure tour (As'.); vihara monastery (KharI.)(CDIAL 12033). vika_ram Buddhist temple (intira vika_ra me_r..ume_ttutalin- : Man.i. 26,55)(Ta.lex.) vyavah. to deal in any transaction or business; to act, behave, deal with; to manage, transact business; vyavaha_rah. business, work; dealing, transaction; commerce, trade, traffic; dealing in money, usury; conduct, behaviour; profsssion, occupation; vyavaha_rakah. a dealer, trader, merchant; vyavaha_rika relating to business; engaged in business, practical; vyavaha_rika_ usage, custom (Skt.lex.) be_ro business (Tu.lex.) vuharai buys (OG.); vohorvu~, vorvu~ to buy, collect (G.)(CDIAL 12173). po_ka_r-u expenditure of money (Kur-al., 478); va_n:ku-tal to buy (Cilap. 3,171); to get, obtain (Te_va_. 456,8); to receive, take (Tiruva_ca. 5,68); va_n:kal receiving, admitting; buying (Ta.lex.) Vendor of drugs: cf. vo_ha_ra trade, business (Pali)(CDIAL 12174). cf. buhur^u vendor of drugs etc. (K.)(CDIAL 12175). cf. vivaha_ri_ trader (OG.)(CDIAL 12178). cf. va_kat.ar physicians (Piramo_t. 10,15)(Ta.lex.) Trade: {Echo word} ohar-dohar trade (N.); avaha_ra putting aside (Skt.); truce (MBh.); avaha_ra, o_ha_ra acquisition (Pali); o_ha_ra share (Pkt.)(CDIAL 882). Produce of farm: got.ha-ohara produce of farm (NiDoc.)(CDIAL 882). Decoration articles; odds and ends, furniture, merchandise: va_khro, va_khl.o furniture, odds and ends in a house (G.); upaskara utensil, household appurtenance (Mn.); uvakkhara decoration, that used in decorating (Pkt.); wakhur a cake offered in sacrifice (K.); wakhiri_ small things for merchandise (S.); okhar implements, tools (H.)(CDIAL 2264). cf. vakaiyara_ etcetera, miscellaneous (things) (Ta.); vakair-a_, vakaiyar-a_ id. (C.G.); wagaira (U.)(Ta.lex.) cf. To be established in use: bese, bisu, besu to be established in use; be_gad.ebese to affix laminae of tin covered over with some colouring substance (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Traveller: po_kkan- traveller, wayfarer (Ta.); po_kkan (Ma.); po_ka (K.); po_-tal to go, proceed; to depart (Man.i. 3,83)(Ta.); id. (Ma.); po_gu (OK.); po_-tal to extend, spread (Kalit. 144,40)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Shop: poha_r small shop (A.); paha_ra_ goldsmith's workshop (P.); pasr^u petty shopkeeper (K.)(CDIAL 8835). cf. hari golden, yellow (RV.)(CDIAL 13981). Öhr. take, carry (Skt.); hartr. thief (Ya_j.); ha_ri_ta (Skt.); ha~_ri_r, hairua thief (Kal.)(CDIAL 13989). h_rim. I take (Kal.); har to take, take away (Mai.); harati carries, brings (RV.); takes away (Mn.)(CDIAL 13980). avaharate_ brings down (Ka_tyS'r.); o_harati takes down (Pali)(CDIAL 881). a_bhiha_rika fit for presentation; a respectful offering (Skt.); a_heri_, aheri_, a_hiri_, ahiri_ suitable to be given as a marriage present, of little value (M.)(CDIAL 1231). a_hariba_ to collect (Or.); a_harati fetches, gets (RV.Pali); a_r to bring (Pas'.)(CDIAL 1541). a_hr.ta brought near, fetched (Mn.); a_hat.a (Pali); a_had.a, a_haya brought, stolen (Pkt.); ha_d.ta_ brings (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 1547). uvaharai presents, offers in worship (Pkt.); upaharati brings near, offers (food)(AV.)(CDIAL 2281). abhiha_ra bringing near (Skt.); abhiharati brings, offers (S'Br.); ahiharai takes, raises (Pkt.); abhiha_ra present (Pali); abhiha_le reward (As'.); a_her, aher presents from friends and relatives to one in whose family there is a marriage (M.)(CDIAL 534). cf. uddharati takes out (RV.); udharvu~ to be debited (G.); udha_ran.u to save (S.); udha_r loan (B.); udha_riba_ to deliver, borrow (Or.)(CDIAL 2009). cf. uddha_ra loan (esp. without interest)(Skt.); tax, debt (Pali); taking away, protection, loan (Pkt.); udha_ro credit account (G.); udha_r buying and selling on credit (M.); debt (H.); purchase on credit (Bi.); loan (L.P.WPah.Ku.N.)(CDIAL 2018). nirharan.a taking out (MBh.); nehrun weeding (Kal.)(CDIAL 7403). nirharati takes out,destroys (RV.); gets rid of (A_past.); ni_harati takes out, drives out (Pali); n.i_harai (Pkt.); neranava_ to set aside, put out of the way; to protrude (Si.); neri- to erase, put to flight (Ta.)(CDIAL 7404). pariharati leads round (TS.); puts aside (S'Br.); does not heed (A_past.); pariharati carries about, takes care of (Pali); palihat.ave to bring up (a child)(As'.); pariharai leaves (Pkt.); palhran. to forgive, forego (L.); pariharna_ forsake (H.); parharvu~ to remove, avert, abandon (G.) pariharai, paraharai forsakes (OAw.)(CDIAL 7899). pariha_ra leading round (Ka_tyS'r.); shunning (S'Br.); attention, care (Pali); serving, desertion (Pkt.); pariha_r exile, refuge (Pas'.); perahara protection, safety (Si.)(CDIAL 7901). viharati separates (RV.); moves on (A_s'vS'r.); wanders (MB h.); passes time (R.); diverts oneself (Gaut.); viharan.u to transplant (rice etc.)(S.); viharati stays, lives (Pali); viharai walks, remains, amuses oneself (Pkt.); bihariba_ to walk about, pass the time, play (Or.); biharna_ to walk about, be pleased (H.); viharai wanders from pace to place, accepts food (of an ascetic) (OG.); viharvu~ to amuse oneself (G.); viharn.e~ to ramble, play (M.)(CDIAL 12029). Collect: sama_harati collects (AV.); sama_harai collects (Pkt.); sohrn.a_ (H.)(CDIAL 13223). cf. ce_karam collection (Ta.lex.) sam.harati draws together (RV.)(CDIAL 13064). Image: likeness: sam.hr.ta drawn together (MBh.); sa_haya id., enveloped (Pkt.); sahal.u likeness (Si.)(CDIAL 13065). anuharate_ resembles (Skt.); an.uharai (Pkt.); anuharna_ (H.)(CDIAL 341). anuha_ra resemblance (Skt.); an.uha_ri resembling (Pkt.); nua_r appearance (P.); anuha_r, anwa_r likeness, appearance, face (N.); anuha_r, unha_r resemblance, manner (H.); un.aha_ra countenance (OMarw.)(CDIAL 342). Deed of agreement: viyavastitam that which is settled, established or fixed; viyavastai settlement, arrangement (S.I.I. i,65); deed of agreement (I.M.P.Tj. 1176-B.); written opinion on points of law with citation of the original texts on which it is based, submitted to a court by Hindu Law pandits (C.G.); distinction (Ta.lex.) vyagra engaged (MaitrUp.); busy, agitated (MBh.); vigra active; activity (RV.); vaiyagrya preoccupation (Skt.)(CDIAL 11827). akra dear, high priced; jom jinis ad.i akraena foodstuffs are very dear (Santali.lex.) beohar usage, practice, custom, conduct (Santali.lex.) Shopkeeper: poha_ri shopkeeper (A.); pasa_ri druggist, petty trader (B.); pasa_rⁱ shopkeeper (Ku.); pasa_ri druggist, pedlar (Or.); pasa_run.i_ f. id. (Or.); pasa_ri_ seller of spices (H.M.S.P.); pansa_ri grocer (N.); pansa_ri_, pa~sa_ri_ seller of spices (H.); pansa_ri_ (P.)(CDIAL 8839). To perform: negar.. to undertake; to engage in; to prepare; to perform, to do, to make, to cause to act; udyo_ga (Ka.); neggincu, neggu (Te.); nikar.. to go, go on = nat.ai (Ta.); niggu, neggu to go on well, be effected; negar.. to come; to be used (Ka.); negar..cu to cause to undertake or do; to cause one's self to undertake, to begin; to perform; to compose, to produce, to cause; negar..te action; work; practice; rites, conduct; negar.., negar..u to become manifest, notorious, well known, renowned or famous; to shine; to appear; to be finished (Ka.); negad.u (Te.); nigar.. to shine; nikaram light; nekit.i, jekir.. fire; nekir.. to bloom; neruppu fire (Ta.); nere to shine (Te.); negar..te fame, notoriety, accomplishment; nege, nese to be purified, to become clear, to shine (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

5592.Image: alligator; large water animal: negar.., negar..u, jegar..e an alligator; nakra; negar..de_ra Varun.a (Ka.lex.) avaha_ra, avaharan.a taking away; stealing, plundering (Ka.lex.) avaha_ra shark or another large water animal; gra_ha, negar.. (Ka.); apaha_ra stealing, snatching away (Skt.lex.)

5593.Image: snub-nosed crocodile: bagun, baghun. the snub-nosed crocodile, crocodilus palustris found in India only in one lake in Sindh. It is identical with the species found in the Nile. In the Indian rivers the long-nosed variety, i.e. the alligator alone exists (P.lex.) makara alligator (Skt.lex.) Image: crocodile: vr.jina crocodile, nakra, negar..u (Ka.lex.) vit.an:kar crocodile (Varata. Pa_kavata. Na_racin.. 133); it.an:kar crocodile (Kur-icip. 257)(Ta.lex.) tayan a crocodile (Santali.lex.)

5594.Image: grasp: pagga_ha grasp (Pali.lex.) Image: claws: bakka_ claws of a crab, forceps, shears (Kur.); bake forceps (Malt.)(DEDR 3814). Image: clasp; crook; buckle: bakuk a whorl in an animal's horn, a crook, a buckle, clasp of belt; bakup a crook, hook, clasp, buckle; bhekr.a crooked, bent (Santali.lex.) Image: to seize: pakr.ao to seize, to take hold of, to catch; pakar. id. (Santali.lex.) Image: claws of a crab; reflexive words: 'to seize`: pa_kar.a_ seizes (B.); pakarab (Aw.); pakar.vu~ (G.); pakad.n.e~ (M.); pagar.n.a_ (P.); pagar.iba_ (Or.); pakkad. seize (Skt.); paggai, pamgai, pimgai seizes (Pkt.); pragr.hn.a_ti holds (AV.); paggan.hati (Pali); pakar.n.a_ to seize (P.H.); pakar.n.o (Ku.Marw.); pakranu (N.); pa_kariba (A.)(CDIAL 7619). Image: to seize, snatch: vavvu (vavvi-) to snatch, take hold of, carry off, sweep away; n. snatching, taking hold of; vavvu (vavvi-), vau to seize, snatch, commit highway robbery, steal, rivet attention, fascinate (Ta.); vavva_yi, vavva_li fox (Ma.); ba_vu, ba_vukonu to gobble, devour or swallow greedily, gulp (Te.)(DEDR 5291). cf. pragrah holding in front (MBh.); paggaha favour, kindness (Pali); paga_ bribe (Si.)(CDIAL 8478). ?cf. metath. pat.aka_ru tongs, pincers (Ka.Te.)(DEDR 3864).

5595.Image: teeth of a comb: bakhor. an instrument, with which tassar cocoons are cut into narrow strips (badhi) for splicing purposes; teeth of a comb (Santali.lex.) bagaru to scratch with the nails or claws (Ka.lex.) Image: comb: ba_grka_, ba_gⁱrka_ wooden comb worn by boys and girls (Kur.); ba_gna_ to comb; ba_grna_ to comb oneself (Kur.); va_ri comb (Ta.); barcan, ba_ran., ba_ran, ba_can.ig, ba_rpan.i a comb; barcuni, ba_cuni, ba_runi to comb (Tu.); ba_cu, ba_rcu to comb (Ka.); va_ruka (va_rnt-), va_r-uka (va_r-i-) to comb (Ma.); va_r (-v-, -nt-) to comb, as hair (Ta.); va_raki_ra a small comb (Skt.)(DEDR 5357). ba_can.ige a comb; prasa_dhani (Ka.); ba_can.ige hallu the tooth of a comb; prasa_dhana arranging, setting in order; decorating, embellishment, dress, toilet (Skt.)(Ka.lex.) cf. pasa_hun.a_ to perform the ceremony of stripping and purifying and adorning a bridegroom (P.)(CDIAL 8834). Parting in a woman's hair: bha~_g parting in a woman's hair (M.)(CDIAL 9353). vakit.u parting in woman's hair (Ta.); baktale, bagutale parting of the hair by combing, combing the hair into curls, crown of the head (Tu.); bavtale id. (Kod..)(DEDR 5202). vakir to disentangle or part as the hair (Ta.lex.) Image: comb: hekku, pikku to comb; hekku to pick up; to take up one by one (Ka.); per-ukku (Ma.); peji, pejju (Tu.); hekku to pick off; hakkal, hakkalu, ba_kal, hakkala gleanings (of corn)(Ka.); pad.ige, parige (Te.); por-ukku to pick or peck up, from the ground as grain, small stones etc. (Ta.); hakkalana_yu = ba_kala_yu to glean (Ka.lex.)

5596.Image: honeycomb: pakha_ honeycomb, fan (L.)(CDIAL 7627).

5599.Image: scraper: okharn.e~ to smooth a field after ploughing (M.); avaskirati scrapes (Skt.); avakirati spreads (A_s'vGr.); o_kirati casts out (Pali)(CDIAL 864). Image: broom: vyavaha_rika_ a broom (Skt.lex.) Image: scraper: pakhuri_ goldwasher's iron scraper for collecting ashes (Bi.)(CDIAL 8458). cf. khurpo a pot-scraper (S.); khurpa_ id. (P.Mth.); blade of hoe (Bi.); weeding knife (H.); kharpo scraper (G.); ks.urapra sharp-edged like a razor (BhP.)(CDIAL 3730). cf. kurappam currycomb (Ta.Ma.)(DEDR 1771). Iron-studded stick used in threshing rice: praharan.a weapon, attack (MBh.); striking (Skt.); praharan.i_ya a weapon (MBh.); paharan.a striking; adj. praharan.aka (Pali); paharan.a striking, weapon (Pkt.); paran.a stroke, blow, flogging (Si.); pa_ha_run.i iron-studded stick used in threshing rice (Or.)(CDIAL 8901). cf. pahia churned (Pkt.); pahat.a struck (Pali) (CDIAL 8902). Ploughshare: ba_n cultivation (Sh.); do_no baiyoiki to plough (Sh.); va_han. ploughed field (P.); baha_n.o ploughshare (Ku.); ba~_r.~ ploughing (Ku.); va_h work (Skt.)(CDIAL 11610). To plough; to use a tool: va_hayati drives (a chariot), rides (a horse)(MBh.); va_he_ti causes to go or carry, drives away (Pali); va_he_i, va_hai drives (Pkt.); ba_ to plough (go_ ba_ant he ploughs)(Bshk.); bayoiki to plough, cultivate (Sh.); wa_yun to drive (bullocks), plough, row (a boat), wave (the arms), use (a tool)(K.); va_han.u to cause to flow (S.); va_han. to plough (L.); va_hn.a_, va_hun.a_, ba_hun.a_ to drive (a beast), plough, unmoor (a boat)(P.); ba_hn.a_ to sow (P.); ba_hn.a_ to throw (a net); ba_hn.a_, ba~_han.u_ to strike (a ball); baihn.u_ to sow (WPah.); ba_n.o~_ to plough (WPah.); ba_n.o (Ku.); (halo) ba_unu (N.); ba_ha_ to carry, row (B.); ba_hiba_ to drive (a car), row or punt (a boat), spread (a net), invade (a country)(Or.); ba_hna_ to drive, load, plough, open out (H.); va_hvu~, va_vu~ to raise (a weapon)(G.); va _hn.e~ to carry (M.); vaha_van. to plough (L.); va_ha_viya cause to be driven (Pkt.); va_ha_un.a_ to cause to be ploughed or to float (P.); bawa_ia~_ caused to plough (Ku.); bowa_iba to cause to flow or to be carried or ploughed or rowed (A.); va_hiyama_na pres. part. pass. (Pali); va_hijjama_n.a (Pkt.); bayizoiki to be cultivated (Sh.); vehan. to be ploughed (pp. vur.ha_)(L.)(CDIAL 11612). [Verbs in K.WPah.Or.G. with meaning 'raise (arms or weapons), strike (a ball), throw (a net)' and those in P. and WPah. with meaning 'sow' (if < 'throw' rather than < 'plough') perh. < vya_dhayati which in MIA coalesces with va_hayati (CDIAL 11612).] ba_ic, ba_ich boat race (B.)(CDIAL 11613). va_hya to be driven, etc. (BhP.); ba_haj ploughed land ready for sowing (P.)(CDIAL 11614). cf. ba_ug act of sowing (Bi.); ba_wag lands sown after a single ploughing (H.)(CDIAL 11528). par.ak first ploughing; harwaha, halboha ploughman (Santali.lex.)

5600.Image: broom: bauha_ri_, bahuriya_, bo_ha_ri_ brush (Pkt.); buha_ru sweepings, refuse; buha_ri_ broom (S.); boha_r sweepings, dust; boha_r, boha_ri_ broom (L.); buha_ra_, buha_ri_, baha_ri_, baha_ru_ broom (P.); buha_ru_ sweeper (H.); buha_ran.u to sweep (S.); buha_rna_ to sweep (P.H.); ba_rvu~ to sweep (G.); borvu~ to clean (a privy)(G.); bahuka_ra effecting much (VS.); bahukara sweeper (Pa_n..); mehtar derisory hon. term? (H.); bahukara_, bahukari_ broom (Skt.); bahuka_ra of great service (Pali)(CDIAL 9188). Sweepings; scraper: cf. pakka_l.i sweepings (Ta.lex.) cf. va_ru to take in a sweep (Ta.); va_ru-ko_l broom (Ta.); varan.t.i rake, scraper (Ma.); ba_rcu to scrape together with the hand (Ka.)(DEDR 5362). cf. ba_kalu gleaning (Ka.); bke to take up (as earth)(Malt.)(DEDR 4051). To throw; offer: upaharati brings near, offers (food)(AV.); takes away (MBh.); upaharate_ accepts (TS.); upaharati brings, offers (Pali); uvaharai presents, offers in worship (Pkt.); war-, wo_ar to catch (Dm.); wa_ran. to devote, sacrifice (L.); uva_in.ai makes a mental vow to do some special service for a deity on completion of some work (Pkt.)(CDIAL 2281). upa_karo_ti fetches (TS.); upa a_ akaram (RV.); upa_karo_ti makes preparation (for a sacred ceremonial), undertakes, begins (TS.); consecrates (Mn.); wa_r- to prepare, put, throw (Pas'.)(CDIAL 2284).

5601.Image: mountain; stone: pahad.u a hill (Ka.M.); paha_d.a (H.)(Ka.lex.) cf. paga_r. trench, ditch, trench, bank, bank round field (B.); paga_r id. (B.); paga_ra ridge round field (Or.); paga_r mound , bank (H.)(CDIAL 8464). cf. pas.i_ wall (Pas'.)(CDIAL 8140). hara a hill; mand buru a sacred hill; buru a hill; bhot.koc a small hill (Santali.lex.) Rock: pa_ha_r. hill, steep bank (B.); pa_ha_r.a hill (Or.); paha_d. hill (M.); paha_r mountain (K.); paha_r. (L.P.Ku.); paharo rock, cliff (N.); paha_r. mountain (N.H.Mth.G.)(CDIAL 8141). paha_r mountain (K.); paha_r. (L.P.Ku.); paharo rock, cliff (N.); paha_r. mountain (N.H.Mth.G.); pa_ha_r. hill, steep bank (B.); pa_ha_r.a hill (Or.); paha_d. hill (M.)(CDIAL 8141). pa_s.a_n.a stone (Skt.); pa_s.a_n.i_ small stone used as a weight (Skt.); pa_sa_n.a stone, rock (Pali.Pkt.); pa_ha_n.a (Pkt.); pahan.u stone (S.); pa_han. stone (P.); pa_han (Mth.); pa_hana (OAw.); pa_ha~_n (H.); pa_han.iim. inst. sg. (OG.); pa_n., paha_n.o, pa_n.o (G.); pahan.a, pa_n.a (Si.); pa_s.a_n. the excess of weight in one scale which disturbs the equipoise (B.)(CDIAL 8138). pa_h a kind of stone which is ground with alum and cloves and opium as a poultice for sore eyes (H.); pas.u_ rock, precipice (Wg.); pas.i_ wall (Pas'.)(CDIAL 8140). pa_r-ai rock, crag, stratum, hillock; pa_r rock, rocky stratum, shelf of rock (Ta.); pa_r-a rock, large stone, firmness (Ma.); pa.re flat stone, stone slab, place where bath is taken on paved floor in bath-house (Kod..); pa_de rock (Tu.); ha_de id. (Kor.); pa_ra slab of stone (Pa.); pa_rum (pl. pa_ru'ku) rock, boulder (Go.)(DEDR 4121). pahad.u a hill (Ka.); paha_d.a (M.H.)(Ka.lex.) Image: cliff: char cliff, precipice (Kho.)(CDIAL 3675). pe.r steep slope (Ko.); p.r- (obl. p.t--) cliff (To.)(DEDR 4448).

5602.Image: flower-petal: pa_m.kl.i, pa_kl.i, pa_ko_li_ flower-petal (M.); pa_m.khd.i_ (G.); pakh(u)d.i_ (H.); ?pamha, pamhala (Pkt.); paks.man (Skt.)(Bloch, p. 359). cf. makula bud (Pali); baula bud (MBh.) (CDIAL 10146). pa~_khr.i_ hand, arm, petal (G.)(CDIAL 7630).

5603.Image: sprout; green corn: pa~_gal cutting ears without the stalks (Bi.); pa_gar leaves at top of sugarcane; pagr.a_ (Mth.)(CDIAL 8916). pa~gu_r new leaves, germination (Ku.); pa~gurn.o to germinate (Ku.); pa~_garvu~ to blossom (G.)(CDIAL 8918).

5604.Image: green leaf; betel leaf: pa_kat.ai < pa_ku + at.ai areca-nut and betel (Ka_cippu. Valampuri. 37); pa_ku areca-nut (Kampara_. Na_t.t.up. 29); treacle, molasses, sugar syrup (Tiruva_ca. 9,15)(Ta.lex.) cf. pa_cat.ai betel leaf (Malai.); green leaf (Kur-un. 9); pa_cavar dealers in betel leaves (Cilap. 5,26)(Ta.lex.) cf. pa_si_ seller of palm-juice (Bi.); man who taps palm trees (B.)(CDIAL 8136). cf. pa_s'in laying snares (Skt.)(CDIAL 8136). Betel box: valgulika_ box, chest (Skt.); va_ggulika betel-bearer (Skt.); ba_gul.i metal case for betel packets (Or.); ba_gul.i_ betel-bearer to a king (Or.)(CDIAL 11422). vat.t.uvam pouch in which betel leaves, nut, chunam, tobacco, etc. are kept, medicine pouch, pocket inside a pouch or purse (Ta.); betel-purse, portemonnaie (Ma.); bat.uve bag, purse, satchel (Tu.)(DEDR 5234). bat.ave a draw-purse (Ka.); bat.ava_ (M.); vat.t.uvam (Ta.); vat.ra (Te.)(Ka.lex.)

5605.Image: petiole of a leaf: bhekua the petiole of a leaf (Santali.lex.) Palmyra fibre: bagr.a fibre extracted from the leaf of the palmyra palm (Santali.lex.)

5606.Image: fig tree: pakar.e a species of fig tree (Santali.lex.) Image: opposite-leaved fig tree: pa_kur. ficus infectoria (B.); pakur.a (Or.); pa_k(h)ar., pa_kar, pa_kariya f. infectoria (H.); pa_khar (P.); pa_kar.ⁱ a fig tree (Bhoj.); pa_k(h)ad., pa_khar the scandent plant clypea burmanni (M.); plaks.a ficus infectoria (AV.); f. religiosa, thesperia populneoides (Skt.); praks.a (in etymological exegesis)(TS.); pla_ks.a belonging to f. infectoria (TS.); its fruit (Skt.); parkat.i_, parkat.in f. infectoria (Skt.); quercus oak (Lat.); forha pine (OHG.)(CDIAL 9022). Image: ficus oppositifolia: pha_gu, pl. pha_gu_ fig tree, pl. pha_gua~_ its fruit (WPah.); pha_u fig (Wot..); phalgu ficus oppositifolia (Skt.); phagva_r.a_ ficus caricoides; phagva_r.i_, phagu_r.a_ its fruit (P.); phego~ pl. phegu_ fig; fegu_ fig tree; fegr.a_ its fruit (WPah.); pha_g fig (Phal.Sh.P.); pl. pha_gi (Sh.)(CDIAL 9063). cf. me_d.i ficus oppositifolia (Ka.)(DEDR 5090). pilakkha ficus infectoria (Pali); pala_kh ficus infectoria (P.); pa_khal (with metath.) f. infectoria (H.); palakkha, pilakkhu, pilam.khu, pilim.khu, pilukkha, pilum.ka the banyan ficus indica (Pkt.); pilakhana f. infectoria (H.); pi_lkha~_ a kind of tree (H.)(CDIAL 9022). Ficus religiosa: pipa_likai, pippalam, pippalikai, pippilam pipal (Tiruvil.ai. Ma_yappacu.16) (Ta.lex.) pippala berry (esp. of ficus religiosa)(RV.); ficus religiosa (Ya_j.); pimpari_ (Skt.); su-pis.pala_ (MaitrS.); pippali_ berry (AV.); pipphala ficus religiosa (Pali); pippala the tree; its fruit (Pkt.); pipal-kul^u (K.); pipiru (S.); pippal, pippil, pipul (L.); pippal (P.); pi_pal, pipaw (Ku.); pipal (N.); pippal (B.); pipal.a_ wooden legs put on the frames of furniture (Or.); pippal.a f. religiosa (Or.); pi_par (Bi.Mth.Bhoj.Aw.); pi_pal the tree (H.); pi_pla_ appertaining to it (H.); pi_pala (OMarw.); pi_pal., pipl.o (G.); pi_pal. the tree (M.); pi_pal., pi_par, pi_pre~, pi_pru~_ its fruit (M.); pimpal. (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 8205). piplu mole, freckle (Skt.); pipp, pip, pl. pippu~, pipu~_ fruit of ficus religiosa (L.); pipp (P.)(CDIAL 8208).

5607.Images: saddle; balustrade; central platform of a chariot: pa_kar wooden balustrade in a car (Cir-upa_n.. 258, Urai.); car; pa_ central platform of a chariot (Ta.lex.) pa_khar a saddle with all its appurtenances (P.lex.)

5608.Image: saddle with its gear; sack with two divisions: pasibbaka sack (Pali) (Pali.lex.) cf. paiku pouch (Tu.); pasube a long bag that has its opening in the midst and is thrown over the shoulder as to form two division (Ka.)(DEDR 4450). cf. pa_kku bag (Ma.)(DEDR 4049). satthaga_minan. yamaka-pasibbaka pannier (Pali)(Pali.lex.) cf. pakha_la waterskin (S.); pakha_l (P.N.H.G.); ? *paks.a-khalla_ leather water-skin (Skt.)(CDIAL 7628). praks.ara iron armour for horse or elephant (Skt.); pra(k)khara (Skt.); praki_rn.a horse (?< saddled, accoutred)(Skt.); pakkhara bordering or trimming (of a carriage)(Pali); pakkhara, pakkhara_ horse armour (Pkt.); pakhara dress given by faquir to layman (S.); pa_khar armour for elephant or horse (H.); saddle with its gear (P.L.); pa_khar net of flowers for bed-cover, horse-armour; pa_khariyo a species of horse (G.); pa_khar caparison of a horse (M.)(CDIAL 8452). pragathana stringing together (Skt.); pa_gran. bedding, decorations (G.)(CDIAL 8477). Image: saddle: vakkhala covered (Pkt.); ba_khara covering or cloth saddle on a horse (Or.)(CDIAL 12215). bat.u, bat.ua a small bag used to carry small articles in, such as money, tobacco etc. (Santali.lex.) Leather sack; bellows: bhastra leathern bag (S'Br.); bellows (Skt.); bhastrika_ little bag (Skt.); basta goat (RV.); basta_jina goat's skin (MaitrS.); ba_tam. carma (Mn.); bhasta goat (Pali); bhastacamma goat's skin (Pali); bhasta_ bellows (Pali); va_ta-pun.n.a- bhasta-camma goat's skin full of wind; bil.a_ra-bhasta_ catskin bag; bhasta leather sack (for flour)(Pali); kha_ra-basta blacksmith's skin bellows (K.); bha_ti bellows (A.Or.); bha_thi_, bha~_thi_ (Bi.); bha_thi_ (H.); bha_ta_ leathern bag, bellows (M.); bha_tad. bellows (M.); bha~_t.i bellows (N.); bha_t.hi_ (H.)(CDIAL 9424). bakura bag or bellows made of goat skin; ba_kura-dr.ti (RV.); va_kura (JaimBr.); bo_ri_ bag made of goat's or camel's hair (L.); bori_ sack (Sh.)[Orig. of goat's hair for which jute was substituted esp. in the East]; bori_, bora_ sack, coarse bag (for pack animals)(P.)(CDIAL 9320). Bedding: par..ke, pakke lying down, reposing; cow-pen or herd of kine; hakke place for reposing, bed (Ka.); oky sleeping place, bedding (To.); parke bedding, sleep, rest (Tu.); pakka bed, bedding (Te.)(DEDR 4007). pa_gran. bedding, decorations (G.); pragrathana stringing together (Sa_y.)(CDIAL 8477). prasvapiti falls asleep (S'Br.); passupati sleeps, rests (Pali); prasu_im I fall asleep (Kal.)(CDIAL 8845). prasupti sleepiness (Skt.); pasutti a sort of leprosy ending in unconsciousness (Pkt.); pasutta asleep (Pkt.); prust, plus bed (Ash.); pruis't (Kt.); pu_st, pus't (Pr.); pro_s't, pro_s', pru_s't sleep, dream, bed (Wg.)(CDIAL 8846). Headdress, covering: turban: pag turban (K.); paga (S.); pagg (L.P.); paga~ (L.); pa_g (Ku.N.A.B.Bi.Mth.H.); pa_ga (Or.); pa_gh (G.); pag^ur^u (K.); pagir.i_ (S.); pagr.i_ (L.H.); paggar. (P.); pa_gr.o turban, loin-sheet (Ku.); pagari turban, cap (N.); pa_guri turban (A.); pa_gr.i (B.); pagar.i (Or.); pagri_ (Bi.); pagar.i_ (Mth.); pa_ghr.i_ (G.); pagd.i~ child's turban (M.)(CDIAL 7644). pagot.e~ turban (M.)(CDIAL 7642). pa_kai turban, puggree, talai-p-pa_kai; (pa_t.akarkkup pa_kaiyen-r-um ; Vir-alivit.u. 746)(Ta.lex.) Sheet: pam.gurai covers (Pkt.); pam.guran.a cloth, garment (Pkt.); pa~_gran. small kind of dhoti_ worn by men, bodice (G.); pa_m.guran.em. to cover loosely, put on loosely; pa_m.guran.a covering, sheet (OM.)(CDIAL 7648). Image: pannier: akkha_ one end of a bag or sack thrown over a beast of burden (L.P.); akho mesh of a net (S.); akha_ gunny bag (Or.); a~_kha_ netting in which coconuts, etc. are carried (M.); grain bag carried by pack animal (Bi.); a_kha_ id. (Bi.); one of a pair of grain bags used as panniers (H.); a~_khe~ half a bullock-load (M.)(CDIAL 17). jalakhri_ cord net for carrying goods on the head (Bi.Mth.)(CDIAL 5216). cf. pakku bag (Kalit. 65,14; Ain:kur-u. 271); pa_kku bag (Ma.); pakku bag (Ta.)[fracture, break; crack; double-dealing (Te_va_. 17,3); outer bark of a tree; pakutal to be split, divided (Ta.lex.)]; pa.kki id. (in songs)(Kod..)(DEDR 4049). Goat: paharu_ goat (S.); poro pl. poru flock of sheep or goats (WPah.); poru_ sheep and goats (WPah.); paha_ru_ sheep or goats (L.); ram, young lamb, one head of goats or sheep (P.)(CDIAL 7988). ba_kura-dr.ti bag made of goat skin; bakura (RV.); va_kura (JaimBr.)(CDIAL 9320).

5609.Image: carrying-pole: va_had.iya_ carrying-pole (Pkt.); ve~_gi_ carrying-pole (L.); vihan:gika, vihan:gamika_ id. (Skt.); bya_bhan:gi_ (Pali); vaihn:ga_, bain:ga_, vaihn:gi_, baihn:gi_ (P.); bahan:gi_ net used by bearers with sling-pole (Bi.); bahi~ga_ (Mth.); baha_ga_ carrying-pole (H.); baha_gi_ small carrying-pole (H.)(CDIAL 11452a). ve_y bamboo; bamboo rod; tube, anything hollow; ve_y-k-kan. bamboo joint; ve_yn:kur..al bamboo pipe; ve_yal short-sized bamboo (Ta.lex.) cf. ve_y bamboo; ve_r..am bamboo (Ta.); a reed (Ma.)(DEDR 5541).

5610.Image: bullock; waterskin-carrier: pakka_l.i < pakha_li_ (U.) one who carries water in a leather sack on a bullock; canvas covering (Ta.lex.) pakhard.a_, pakhal. litter, rubbish (M.)(CDIAL 8854). pakharn.e~, pakhal.n.e~ to scatter, strew; pakharn.i_ scattering (M.); pakhern.u to spread out, diffuse (S.); pakher.an.u id. (S.)(CDIAL 8855). cf. khalla leather, leathern garment (Skt.); khallar. leather bag (L.) (CDIAL 3848). kalli a bag of network (Ka.Tu.)(DEDR 1317). pakha_la waterskin (S.); pakha_l id. (P.N.H.G.M.); ?*paks.akhalla_ leather water-skin (Skt.)(CDIAL 7628). Pack animal: vahit.ru riding or pack animal (S.); vahitr, ve_tur (L.); vahitar, bahitar id. (P.)(CDIAL 11461). Image: a double water-skin carried on a bullock: bahisti_ a muhammadan water-carrier (P.lex.) paka_li, paka_l.i a double water-skin carried on a bullock (Ka.); pakha_la (M.H.); kapa_li (Ka.M.Skt.); paka_li-ni_ru Paka_li-water (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) bugli, gubli small bag (Santali.lex.) pakka_l.i one who carried water in a leather sack on a bullock (W.)(Ta.); pakha_li_ (U.)(Ta.lex.) pakku bag (Kalit. 65,14)(Ta.lex.) pa_kku bag (Ma.); pa.kki id. (Kod..)(DEDR 4049). cf. paiku, paika pouch, scrip made of rushes or palm leaves (Tu.); pai sack (Ta.Ma.)(DEDR 4450). cf. boka_ well-bucket (usu. of goatskin)(H.); bokh bucket (G.); bokad. made of goatskin; bu_kh, bu_kas well-bucket (K.); boko (S.); boka_ (L.); bokka_ (P.)(CDIAL 9312). Image: leather bag for water: pakha_l leather bag for water (M.G.P.H.); payah- + khalla (Skt.)(Bloch, p. 357). Image: bullock which carries scavenger's muck: a_hal manure; aha_li_ bullock which carries the scavenger's muck (L.)(CDIAL 1055). a_khu~ whole, uncastrated (G.); a_khlo uncastrated bull (G.); a_kha_ whole, undivided (M.); a_kho, a_ko complete (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 28). akan.t.a-ka_ve_ri the undivided Ka_ve_ri, between Erode and its point of bifurcation close to Trichinopoly (Ta.); akan.t.itan- god, as an undivided whole (Maturaip. 70)(Ta.lex.) akan.t.am that which is indivisible (Ko_yir-pu. Pata. 65); the whole (Cu_t.a_.); perfection (Ja_n-va_. Upaca_nta. 34); akilam < a-khila the whole, all (Tiva_.); universe (Kantapu. Pa_rp. 9); earth (Iraku. Ci_taiva. 72)(Ta.lex.) cf. Image: saddle with its gear: praks.ara iron armour for horse or elephant; pra(k)khara id. (Skt.); pakkhara bordering or trimming (of a carriage) (Pali); pakkhara, pakkhara_ horse-armour (Pkt.); pakhara dress given by faqir to layman (S.); pa_khar armour for elephant or horse (H.); saddle with its gear (P.L.); net of flowers for bed-cover, horse-armour (G.); pa_khariyo a species of horse (G.); pa_khar caparison of a horse (M.)(CDIAL 8452). cf. pa_gran. bedding, decorations (G.)(CDIAL 8477). pa_ the central platform of a chariot; protection (Ka_cippu. Tiruve_kam. 48)(Ta.lex.) pakka_l.i-ma_t.u bullock used for carrying water in a leather sack put on its back; a recalcitrant bull; pat.ukka_l.i-ma_t.u, pat.ukka_n:kol.l.i a recalcitrant bull; pat.u-k-ka_l.i-ppayal rascal (Arut.pa_, vi, Tirumu. Ta_n-per-r-a. 5,707); liar (Can:ka.Aka.)(Ta.lex.) Equipped; armour: pakkare, pakkarake, hakkarike, pakkarikke, pakkarakke armour, mail, housings (Ka.); pakkarake (Te.); cf. paks.araks.a (Skt.)(Ka.lex.) pakkhara bordering, trimming (of a carriage)(Pali); cf. praks.ara, prakhara (Skt.)(Pali.lex.) cf. pakhara bordering or trimming of a carriage (Pali); pakhara dress given by faqir to layman (S.); pa_khar saddle with its gear (P.L.)(CDIAL 8452). paka_ra make-up, getting up, fixing, arrangement, preparation, mode, way, manner; ingredient, way of making (a food) tasty (Pali.lex.) To equip; harness: prakaro_ti effects, makes fit for, gains (RV.); effects (Pali); pakubbati id. (Pali); pakare_i, pakun.ai, pakkuvai begins to do (Pkt.); pakkare_i harnesses or equips (a horse)(Pkt.); pakkaran., pakkiran. to come to one's aid, prove good; pakrun. to be serviceable in a difficulty (L.); pakkharia equipped, harnessed (Pkt.); pa_kharan.em. to organise, build up (OM.)(CDIAL 8433). Image: pouch: paiku, paika pouch, scrip made of rushes or palm leaves; payicilu bag made of palm leaves (Tu.); pasube, pasumbe, hasibe, hasube, hasumbe a long bag that has its opening in the midst and is thrown over the shoulder so as to form two divisions (Ka.); pasumbe, pasambe sack or bag made of coir; paimbe bag (Tu.); asimi bag placed on the back of a bullock to carry things (Te.); pai bag, sack, purse, satchel, bladder, duct; pacumpai a pedlar's pack carried over the shoulder; acampi, acampai traveller's bag thrown over the shoulder (Ta.); pai, payimpa bag, sack, stomach, womb (Ma.)(DEDR 4450). pa_kku bag (Ma.); pakku bag (Ta.)[fracture, break; crack; double-dealing (Te_va_. 17,3); outer bark of a tree; pakutal to be split, divided (Ta.lex.)]; pa.kki id. (in songs)(Kod..)(DEDR 4049). Image: pack-saddle; sack; bag placed on the back of a bullock: ba_khara covering or cloth saddle on a horse (Or.)(CDIAL 12215). pakkarai, vakkarai stirrup (Ta.)(Tiruppu. 405); pakkera (Te.); pakkare (Ka.); pakkarai saddle (Cu_l.a_. Kalya_. 14)(Ta.); bag, pocket; pakkar-ai canvas covering; saddle (Ta.lex.) cf. barkara kid, lamb (A_pS'r.); goat (Skt.)(CDIAL 9153). bakra_o_ goat's hair (WPah.)(CDIAL 9155).

5611.Leather strap: vakir leather girdle (W.); leather strap; vakir-tal to slice; to cut in slips (Ta.) (Ta.lex.) Rein; guiding-rope: wag rein, tether (K.); va_ga rein, halter (S.); va_g rein (L.G.); guiding rope of a bullock (G.); ba_g rein (B.Mth.Bhoj.H.); ba_g-d.or tether for horses (Bi.); ba_g-dor rein (M.); ba_g-d.ora (K.)(CDIAL 11420). valge a bridle, a rein (Ka.lex.) Bridle: *va_lga_-, valga_ bridle (Skt.)[S.L.P. forms poss. indicate earlier *va_lga_-]; vagga_ bridle (Pkt.); va_g bridle (P.); ba_g bridle (P.Mth.Bhoj.H.); rein (B.Mth.Bhoj.H.); ba_g-d.ori bridle (P.); ba_ga bridle, rein (Or.OAw.)(CDIAL 11420). kat.iva_l.am horse's bit, bridle (Ta.Ma.); kat.i-va_r.u id. (Ma.); kar.va-l.m reins (Ko.); kad.on.m (obl. kad.on.t-) id. (To.); kad.iya_n.a, kad.iva_n.a bit, bridle (Ka.); kad.iva_n.a bridle (Tu.); kad.d.yana bridle, reins, bit (Tu.); kal.l.iyamu, kal.l.emu bridle (Te.); karia_ri_ bit of bridle; kariya_ri_ bridle (Go.)(DEDR 1133). For kat.i- : cf. kat.i- to bite (Ta.); kad.d.iya_na_ to bite (Go.)(DEDR 1124). Rope: pragraha bridle (Skt.); thong (MBh.); pragra_ha bridle, rein (Skt.); paggaha tether (Pkt.); paga_ha_ tether (N.); pagahu rope to tie boat (S.); pagha_ tether (A.B.Or.H.); pagaha_ (Bi.Mth.Bhoj.Aw.); pa_gar act of towing a boat (G.); paga_ro tether (N.); pa_gar.a tow-rope (Or.); pa_g tether (A.); tether, painter (of boat)(G.M.)(CDIAL 8478). akkam rope, cord (Ta.); ogm (obl. ogt-) rope (To.); agga, agga-ran.e, hagga rope (Ka.)(DEDR App.2). ukkam rope or cord attached to anything (Ta.); uggamu a suspender or cord attached to a pot (Te.)(DEDR 570). udgha_ta raising (R.); uggha_a collection (Pkt.); ugha_ a reel to wind thread on (A.)(CDIAL 1974). ugha_iba to wind thread on a reel (A.); ughon.o to collect (Ku.)(CDIAL 1976).

5612.Two-wheeled cart: bahal, bahali_, baheli_ two-wheeled cart (Bi.); bahal id. (H.); bahli_ two-wheeled cart drawn by two oxen (H.); bahaila cart (OMarw.); vhel, vel bullock-cart (G.); vahala accustomed to the yoke (S'Br.)(CDIAL 11458). va_ha vehicle (S'vetUp.); act of drawing (MBh.); cart, vehicle (Pali); driver (of a waggon)(Pkt.); vahaya vehicle (Si.); baha_ carrier (Or.)(CDIAL 11607). va_hana vehicle (Pali); va_han.a waggon; driving (Pkt.)(CDIAL 11610). To drive; to carry; image: to raise a weapon or hand: va_hayati drives (a chariot), rides (a horse)(MBh.); va_he_ti causes to go or carry, drives away (Pali); va_he_i, va_hai drives (Pkt.); wa_yun to drive (bullocks), use (a tool)(K.); va_han.u to cause to flow (S.); va_hn.a_, va_hun.a_, ba_hun.a_ to drive (a beast)(P.); ba_hn.a_, ba~_han.u_ to strike (a ball); ba_hn.a_ to throw (a net)(WPah.); ba_ha_ to carry (B.); ba_hiba_ to drive (a car), spread (a net), invade (a country)(Or.); ba_hna_ to drive, load (H.); va_hvu~, va_vu~ to raise (a weapon)(G.); va_hn.e~ to carry (M.); va_ha_viya caused to be driven (Pkt.)(CDIAL 11612). va_hanika_ living by draught animals (Pa_n..gan.a); va_han.iya connected with driving or draught animals (Pkt.)(CDIAL 11611). bohao to carry; to carry on shoulder; boelao to carry away (Santali.lex.)

5613.Image: ram's horn: van:ka_ < ba_n:ka_ a long winding trumpet, ram's horn (W.)(Ta.lex.) ba_n:ki a trumpet-horn (Tu.lex.)

5615.Salvadora indica: wan. salvadora oleoides... the species flowers about April and the fruit (pi_lhu_n.) ripens at the beginning of the hot weather. It is sweetish and is eaten by the natives. The leaves are eaten by and occasionally collected as fodder for camels. In the southern Punjab the wood is at times used for rafters and Persian wheels.. salvadora indica... with bitter fruit... leaves used as salad and eaten by camels... pieces of the wood are carried to long distances for sale, as it is much in vogue for toothsticks or miswa_k (tooth brush) by Muhammadans, who use theirs for a number of times. (P.lex.) Salvadora indica: jan (H.); leaves are purgative (Indian Materia Medica, p. 1091). Salvadora persica: pilu (Skt.M.); tooth brush tree (Eng.); chhota-pilu (B.); darakht-i-miswak (Pers.); pilvu (Bombay); khabhar (S.); varagogu (Te.); ughaiputtai (Ta.); goni-mara (Ka.); found in the arid tracts of Sind in the Punjab and in NW India and Persia... flowers yield an oil, which is stimulant and laxative... fruits have a strong aromatic smell and are eaten... useful in enlarged spleen, rheumatism, tumours and lithiasis. (Indian Materia Medica, pp. 1092-1093). banapu a large timber tree, terminalia tomentosa (Ka.Tu.); ban.apu (Konkan.i)(Ka.lex.) Ash yielded by the calcareous matter in the trunk of this tree [maddi (Te.)] is used by chewers of betel nut; gum from the trunk is used as a cosmetic and incense (Indian Materia Medica, pp. 1211-1212).

5616.Image: grove: bano a grove; na_ga bano a thicket considered sacred on account of the haunting by serpents and where there are na_ga stones over which milk is poured on na_ga pacami day (Tu.lex.)

5617.Image: drop: pan.n.ika, pan.n.ige an ornamental mark on the forehead; arranging, equipping (Ka.lex.) pani drizzle, drop, dew; pani barso a drizzling rain; pani a little; ban.a_ri a tear, sob; padpu a particle; an atom; a dot; ba_no sky; ba_no bot.t.u rice field depending on rain water fo cultivation (Tu.lex.) pa_ni water (Ka.H.); pa_n.i_ (M.)(Ka.lex.) pani, hani to drop; pani, pan, hani a drop, of water, dew etc. (Ka.); pani (Ma.); pan-i (Ta.)(Ka.lex.)

5618.Image: pedestal: pa_n.ivat.t.alu a pedestal with a spout (for a lin:ga to carry off the water)(Ka.lex.)

5619.Image: spinning top: {Echo word} wa_n:gga_ a large humming top; wa_n:ggi_, ba_n:ggi_ a small humming top; ba_n:gga_ a large top (P.lex.) ban.aban.a buzzing, humming, howling, singing or sounding from very emptiness or barrenness as an empty house, a deserted village (Ka.lex.)

5730.Image: spinning top: bagari a spinning top (Ka.lex.)

5620.Image: wrist ornament: wan:gg, ban. an ornament worn on the wrist, made of glass, lac; a bracelet (P.lex.)

5621.Image: comb: pan.ye a comb (Tu.lex.)

5622.Image: ploughshare: panoru, pan.oru, panol.u a plough share (Tu.lex.)

5623.Image: a string round the neck of a pot: wan:ggn.a_, ban:ggn.a_ a string fastened round the neck of a pot or degchi as a handle; an ornament worn by women on the forehead; ban:ggun.a_ an ornament worn by women on the forehead; a string attached to a cooking vessel to serve as a handle, and to vessels for drawing water from a well; ba_n.hnu_ a small cord used for tying up a coiled rope; banha_i_ fastening, the cost of fastening (anything); bannhan. a tie, a ligature, a cord with which anything is tied (P.lex.) pa_n.e, pa_e large earthen pot; pan.ake pairing together with a rope as cattle; pan.e contrivance for lifting water; a piece of rope tied to the horns and neck of buffalos; pan.e kutti the two big vertical posts supporting the picota; nuga-pan.e yoke-like piece of wood supported by two parts to which the picota is firmly secured and about which it moves; dud.ip-pan.e a tying arrangement on the snout of an animal; pan.n.ol.ige a basket or wooden trough for drawing water (Tu.lex.) ba_n:k a large vessel for oil or ghee, made of skin (P.lex.) pa_ne (Tadbhava of pa_na) a pot of metal or earth (Ka.); pa_n-ai (Ta.); pa_ni (Ma.); ippa_ne two pa_nes; oppa_ne one pa_ne; kod.apa_ne, kod.apa_na a kod.a of copper or brass; kod.a (Tadbhava of kut.a) an earthen pitcher or pot, also one of metal; je_n:kod.a a vessel containing honey (Ka.lex.) cf. pan.ate, pan.ite (Tadbhava of pran.i_ta) an earthen or metal saucer-formed receptacle for the oil and wick of a lamp (Ka.); pan.ati_ (M.); pramite (Te.)(Ka.lex.)

5624.Image: harlot: pan.aka_nte a venal woman, a harlot; pan.avadhu, pan.avadhu_ti id.; pan.ya_n:gane a venal woman, a prostitute; pan.ya_jana a harlot; pan.ye, pan.ya_ a venal woman (Ka.lex.)

5625.Image: tiger: bangam used of tigers which when they have killed a man, are said to put him behind their back and lie down for some time before eating him (Mu.lex.)

5626.Image: lair of wild beasts: pan.e, han.e a haunt or lair of wild beasts (Ka.); pan.ai, pan.n.ai litter or straw laid for animals (Ta.)(Ka.lex.)

5627.Commodity for sale; making an agreement: pan.ya-vikraya-s'a_le a hall for buying and selling (Ka.Skt.); pan.ya-vi_thike a market-street, bazaar (Ka.Skt.); pan.ya a shop; vipan.i id., an:gad.i; pan.a_rpan.a retaining-fee; earnest-money; making an agreement, contract; pan.a a sum reckoned in coins or cowries (Ka.); a coin of a certain weight equivalent to 80 cowries (Ka.Skt.); a commodity for sale; business, trade; a shop, stall; pan.ya id.; pan.itavya to be bought, vendible (Ka.Skt.) (Ka.lex.)

5628.Image: barren woman: ban.j barren (a woman)(P.lex.) cf. van.n.a a woman recently delivered (Ma.)(DEDR 5347).

5629.Farm: pan.e ground that is worked; tillage; a quarry (Ka.Ma.); pan.ai, pan.n.ai (Ta.); pan.n.eya, pan.ya, pan.e a farm, a landed estate (Ka.lex.) ba_n:ggar land dependent on rainfall; hard, barren soil (P.lex.) cf. va_n-am-pa_rtta-pu_mi id. (Ta.lex.) banjri land irrigated by canal water alone (P.lex.) pan.e quarry; kalpan.e quarry where red laterite stones are cut (Tu.lex.)

5630.Person who calls to prayer: ba_n:g the voice of the qa_zi_ calling muhammadans to prayers; ba_n:g den.a_ to call to prayers; wa_n:gga_, ba_n:gga_ the person who calls to prayer; ba_n:ggu_ the person who summons other to prayers; wan:gg wichch a_un.a_ to come under one's power, or into one's possession, to be obedient to (P.lex.) cf. van.an:ku to be submissive (Ta.)(DEDR 5236). cf. van:gu to bend, stoop, bow (Te.) (DEDR 5335). cf. va_n:ku (va_n:ki-) to call; abuse, reproach (Ta.); va~_gu to sound; chatter (Te.)(DEDR 5337).

5631.Image: crowing of a cock: ba_n:g the crowing of a cock; ba_n:g den.a_ to crow (a cock) (P.lex.)

5632.To cohabit: ba_n:ggn. to cohabit, to have sexual intercourse (P.lex.)

5633.Oil: wa_n:g oil used for greasing wood work; wa_n:gg oil, soap for the cart or carriage wheels; wa_n:gn. to grease the wheels of a carriage or cart; ba_n:ggn. to tar, to oil, to grease (whe wheels of a cart or carriage) (P.lex.) Curved axe used in oil-press: wan:gg a small curved axe used in making an oil-press; ban:g a small curved arc used in making an oil-press (P.lex.) cf. wan.ja_ra_, wan.ja_ri_ a trader, a transporter of grain, salt, spices, and especially of rings (P.lex.) Grain seller: banya_, ba_nya_n. a caste among the Hindus, a grain seller; (ironic) a miser, a niggard; a timid person (P.lex.) bagha_r condiments prepared by frying spices with ghee or oil, seasoning for food, melted ghee; bagha_r den.a_ to season, to fry spices in ghee (P.lex.) cf. van-n-iyan- a caste; caste title among certain castes (as the kal.l.ar, valaiyar etc.); van-n-i person of the van-n-iya caste (Ta.); vanniyam a Tamil tribe immigrated from Trichinopoly (Ma.)(DEDR 5331). cf. bani substance, essence as of grains, milk, butter or vegetables (Ka.lex.) ban.ajitana trade, traffic; van.ijya; ban.anjisu to trade (Ka.lex.) pa_nu a leaf; the leaf of piper betel; the roll of this leaf with betel-nut, spices and lime (Ka.M.)(Ka.lex.) ban.upu a kind of timber (Tu.lex.) ban.d.asa_le a warehouse, a big provision merchant's shop [Skt. bha_n.d.a]; ban.d.a_ri a family name; a barber; ban.d.a_ro a treasure, jewels and other valuable belongings [Skt. bha_n.d.a_ga_ra]; ban.d.a_ro the cowrie (ca_mara), the sword, bell, the mask etc., kept in the temple of a devil (bu_ta)(Tu.lex.)

5634.Image: a pile of vessels: ba_n, ba_na a pile of earthen vessels (Ka.); va_n = peru greatness (Ta.); ba_n a heap of cakes of (dried) cowdung (Ka.lex.) ba_n to make or fashion as a potter does, to form earthenware, to make pots (Ka.); va_nu (Te.); mani, mane (Ma.); man-ai, van-ai (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) ba_n.asa (Tadbhava of maha_nasa) a kitchen (Ka.lex.)

5635.Wife or land: wanni_n. banni a wife or land, i.e. the custom of settling a feud by giving either a girl in marriage or land to the aggrieved party (P.lex.) banni a bride (P.lex.) cf. va_n.i wife (Pe.Mand..)(DEDR 5348). banni high-lying tracts of land infringing the ku_r or old Indus bank; kur, kura_ a drought, a failure of a canal or of the annual rising of the rivers (P.lex.) bana_ the cultivation of one independent cultivator (P.lex.)

5636.Profession: ba_n.a_ profession, employment, calling, vocation (P.lex.)

5637.Implements: ba_na_ apparatus; furniture, implements, instruments, arrangements; ba_na_ bannhn.a_ to get ready all the necessary material and implements to build a house; to marry (P.lex.) cf. van-ai to form, adorn (Ta.)(DEDR 5327). banna_ to be made (H.)(CDIAL 11260).

5638.Image: similar: wa_n:gg, wa_n:ggu_n., wan:g, ba_n:gg like, similar, resembling; wa_gi_ similar (opposed to sa_gi_ identical)(P.lex.)

5639.Images: large stones; mortar: va_n, va_na_ large stones used for grinding spices etc.; mortar (Kon.lex.)

5640.Image: offering of fruits and vegetables: paniya_ro, paniva_ro an offering to deities, consisting of fruits and vegetables (Tu.lex.) paniya_n.a, paniva_ra a sweet cake, a fritter (Ka.); pan.ika_ram, pan.iya_ram (Ta.); pan.ne_ramu (Te.)(Ka.lex.) pan., pan.n.u, han.n.u a ripe fruit; ripeness (Ka.); pan.d.u (Te.); par..am (Ta.Ma.)(Ka.lex.)

5641.Image: sharp tooth: pane a bud-like, pointed or sharp tooth; moneval, mol.eval (Ka.lex.)

5642.Camphor: panne camphor (Ka.lex.)

5643.Image: whiskers: panne the state of having the whiskers cleared away in a pecular funny manner (Ka.H.)(Ka.lex.)

5644.To flow: or..uku-ma_t.am the human body, as house from which impurities flow out through nine excretory passages (Te_va_. 338,7)(Ta.lex.) or..ukal leaking, dripping, leak (Ta.); or..ukku (or..ukki-)</