5746.Rent paid in kind; market rate; price: bha_uli_ rent paid in kind (H.); bha_u price (H.); price, rate (S.); bha_ (L.); bha_va being, thing (S'vetUp.); matter, thing, meaning (Pkt.); bao, pl. bawi thing, article (Sh.); ba_v market rate (K.); bha_u id. (P.A.B.Or.Aw.); value, rate (N.); bhau market rate (Ku.); bha_o (Mth.); bha_um. intention (OH.); bha_em. according to one's knowledge (OH.); bha_v market rate (G.M.); bava, bva existence, fact (Si.); bvin on account of (Si.)(CDIAL 9475). pa_vattu < ba_bat (U.) article, affair, item of account; pa_vati < pa_oti receipt for money paid, acknowledgment (C.G.)(Ta.lex.)

5747.Image: arrow: pagari, pagal.i a dart, an arrow (Tu.lex.)

5748.Gift: baks.i_s a gift (Ka.); bakkhi_sa, bakhs.i_sa (M.H.)(Ka.lex.) Exchange: pakar to shift, move (Ta.); pakaram exchange, equivalent; in exchange (Ma.); instead, in exchange (Ta.); pakaruka to be exchanged; exchange, barter (Ma.); pakarcca change as of place, kind, weather; exchange (Ma.); pagaruni to shift, change place; pagapuni to change, exchange, substitute; pagarce, pagate exchange, revenge; pagara exchange (Tu.)(DEDR 3803). pagaru to change, to exchange, to infect; pagate, pagarte exchange, return; pagaro exchange, instead of; pagarogu pagaro like for like (Tu.lex.) pa_r.hiba_ to put off payment on various pretexts, purchase on credit (Or.); pakad.d.ha dragged; pagad.d.hijjama_n.a being dragged; payad.d.han.i_ (Pkt.); prakr.s.t.a prolonged (MBh.)(CDIAL 8430). pakarcci price (Cilap. Pira. Nan-n-er-i, 23)(Ta.lex.) pakat.u strength (Pur-ana_. 88)(Ta.lex.); force (Ta.)(CDIAL 8430). pratikr.ti counterpart (MBh.); padikidi, paigii, pad.ikidi exchange (Pkt.); pad.ikkaa (Pkt.); pad.kay lending labour and cattle and receiving same in return (M.); pal.iya revenge, satisfaction for an injury (Si.)(CDIAL 8546). pratikaro_ti repays (MBh.); pai~c, pai~co, pai~jo loan (Ku.); pai~co id. (N.); pai~c exchange of labour by farmers (Bi.); borrowing (Mth.); pai~ca_ id. (Mth.); jan-pai~ca_ exchange of labour (Mth.); pai~ca_ loan, repayment (H.)(CDIAL 8547). To advance; to present: prahr. to present (Vedic); praha_ran.am a desirable gift (Skt.)(Skt.lex.) cf. praharati thrusts forward, offers (RV.)(CDIAL 8902). prahu to throw ghee into fire; prahuta offered up; prahuti oblation (RV. vii.90.2); prahr. to advance, extend (RV. i.61.1); to put forward (RV. vi.47.15); to put in (TMB xii.10.16)(Vedic.lex.) cf. prahita placed (Skt.) In exchange: pakaram instead, in exchange (Ta.Na_.); pakar-tal to shift, move (Ta.); pakaruka (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) cf. ba_kna_ to throw in, put in a vessel (Kur.)(DEDR 4051). cf. pa_kut.am gift, present (Tiv. Periya_r... 4,5,8)(Ta.lex.) pahin.ati to send; pahin.ana sending, dispatch; pahin.a sending, being sent; a messenger; pahin.a-gaman.a going as messenger, doing messages; pahin.ana sending, dispatch; pa_heti to send (Pali.lex.) Feast; guest: pa_gu, phagua the pa_gu feast, i.e. the ensemble of the pa_guma, the pa_guili, to eat cakes and drink rice beer after the annual obligatory hunt, pa_gusendera (Mu.lex.) pahi_, kupul a guest, i.e. one who has come to visit his marriage relations (Mu.); pa_hi_ guest (Oraon)(Mu.lex.) cf. pa_huna a guest; meal for a guest; pa_hun.eyya worthy of hospitality, deserving to be a guest (Pali)(Pali.lex.) pra_hun.a guest (Skt.); prahuta hospitality (Mn.); pa_huna, pa_hunaka guest; guest meal (Pali); pahun.a, pa_hun.a, pa_hun.aya, pa_hun.ia guest (Pkt.); para_hn.a_, para_hna_, pira_hna_ (L.); para_hun.a_, parauhn.a_, pa_hun.a_ (P.); pa_on.a_, pra_wn.a_ (WPah.); paun.o, po~_r.~ (Ku.); pa_hun-sa_l guest house (N.); pa_hunu guest (N.); pa_huna (MB.); pahuna_ (Or.); pa_hun (Bhoj.); pahuna_ guest, bridegroom (Mth.); pa_huna_ guest (Aw.); pa_hun guest (H.); pa_huna_ guest, daughter's husband (H.); pa_hun.o guest (Marw.); paron.o, para_n.o (G.); pa_hun.a_, pa_hon.a_ (M.)(CDIAL 8973). pijgim guest (gem village)(Pr.); pra_cha (Dm.); cac (Bshk.); pra_cu (Phal.); poch^u abl.pachi (K.); pa_huna_-pa_cha_ guests (N.); prarthya reception of a guest (TBr.)(CDIAL 8956). Guest: pahi_, kupul a guest, i.e. one who has come to visit his marriage relations (Mu.); pa_hi_ guest (Oraon)(Mu.lex.) pa_gu, phagua the pa_gu feast, i.e. the ensemble of the pa_guma, the pa_guili, to eat cakes and drink rice beer after the annual obligatory hunt, pa_gusendera (Mu.lex.)

5749.Shareholder: pan:ka_l.i shareholder, partner, co-parcener; agnate, kinsman (Ta.lex.) bhe_iva_l, bha_i_va_l partner, sharer (L.); pia_l (low-rising tone on pi-)(P.)(CDIAL 9431). Value of a crop fixed by an appraiser: paka_r < baka_r (U.) value of a crop fixed by an appraiser (Ta.lex.) paka_y-pa_kki < baqa_ya-baqi_ old balance, arrears (C.G.)(Ta.lex.) Vow; present before a deity: pa_va_t.am vow to cut off one's tongue before a deity (Ta.); pa_vad.amu id. (Te.); pa_va_t.ai cloth or carpet spread on the ground for persons of distinction to walk on (Periyapu. e_yarko_n-. 57); pa_vad.a id. (Ka.Te.); pa_va_t.a id. (Ma.); pa_va_t.ai boiled rice heaped on a cloth before a deity or eminent person (Kalin.. 548); cloth used for waving before a deity or a person of distinction; pa_va_t.ai-vi_ran-, pa_va_t.ai-ra_yan- a village deity (Ta.lex.) pa_vad.e, pa_gud.a, pa_vad.a a present (in cloth); pa_vud.a id. (Ka.); pa_vad.a cloths spread in the streets at a great solemnity (Ma.)(Ka.lex.) Present: ba_gina, ba_yina a present; ba_yinan:gud.u to give a present (Ka.lex.) upa_yana appoach (RV.); present (MBh.); going to, present (Pali); uva_yan.a visit, present (Pkt.); va_yan.a offering of food (Pkt.); va_yana pious gifts of sweet-meats, etc. (Skt.); ba_yan, ba_ena, baina_ sweetmeat or cake distributed at weddings and other festivals (H.); va_yn.u~ dinner given by relative to a wife in her first pregnancy (G.); va_n. pious gift of fruit, cakes, clothing, etc. (M.)(CDIAL 2309). jaiga, jaejat property given in pledge (Santali.lex.) jaituk father's gift to bride (Santali.lex.) Offering; gift, present: pra_bhr.tam, pra_bhr.takam an offering to a deity or to a king (nazeran.a); a bribe (Skt.lex.) Royal revenue; impost; gift: pa_hura gift (H.); pa_ud.a (Pkt.) < pra_bhr.ta gift (Skt.); prbhr.ta brought forward; prabhr.tha offering (RV.); pa_bhata present, bribe (Pali); pahud.'a gift (NiDoc.); pa_hud.a, pa_hud.ia_ (Pkt.)(CDIAL 8948). paggaha favour, kindness (Pali); paga_ bribe (Si.) (CDIAL 8478). cf. vaku to distribute (Ta.)(DEDR 5202). pa_kut.am gift, present (Tiv. Periya_r... 4,5,8); royal revenue, impost, tribute (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) pa_vud.a gift, present; tribute (Ka.) (Ta.lex.) To receive, take, buy, take away: va_n:ku (va_n:ki-) to receive, take, buy, get, obtain, carry away as a flood, draw, drag, pull, take in (as breath), get back, take back, remove, take away; va_n:kal receiving, admitting, borrowing, buying (Ta.); va_n.n.uka to take, receive, choose; va_n.n.al purchasing; va_n.n.ikka to demand back; va_n.n.ippikka to make one take (Ma.)(DEDR 5336). A system of land revenue: pa_ka-pat.ai a system of land revenue in which a fixed share of the produce is collected; pa_ka-pattiram partition deed (Ta.lex.) bha_gya divisible (Skt.); entitled to a share (Pa_n..gan.a.); per cent (Pa_n..com.); bhagga share (Pkt.); bha_g to divide (property into shares)(Phal.); ba_gu share (Sh. ); bog^u, ba_gi (K.); bha_g share (N.G.M.); bagin in order, according to order, severally (Si.); bha_gye_na (Si.); bhaktya_, bhaktis'ah. in succession (Skt.)(CDIAL 9435). bhajati distributes (Mn.); bhayai distributes (Pali); bhajjai id. (Pkt.); pha_zim I divide (a portion)(Kal.); bozik to apportion, share out, divide (Kho.); bazun to give away (prizes, etc.), distribute (K.); bha_je_ti distributes (Pali); bauar he shares (Gypsy); bedanava_ to apportion (Si.)(CDIAL 9360). Indebted:pan:giga one who is indebted or obliged (Ka.)(DEDR 3808). pan:gu, han:gu, an:gu the state of being obliged or indebted (Ka.); han:gu, an:gu obligation; the state of being in the power of another; duty (Tu.)(DEDR 3820). ?cf. an:ka_t.i bazaar, bazaar street (Ta.); an:gan.a courtyard (Skt.)(DEDR 35). bhaga good fortune (RV.Pkt.); bhaya id. (Pkt.); bhai_ with pleasure (OG.); Half: ba_ good fortune; half (Si.) (CDIAL 9346). Share; inheritance: begar separate, different; to separate, to divide the paternal inheritance, after which the sons set up on their own account; begarenale we have separated (we have no longer things in common); bakhra share, portion; to apportion, to share, to divide; ba~t. bakhra portion of inheritance; kami bakhra aleme give us each our set work; bakhradari sharing in,participating; ba~t. bakhra a share, a portion; to divide; share, particularly of ancestral property, or patrimony; bat.ai to divide, share; bat.orae share, portion, lot (of inheritance); ba~t. to share, to divide; share, portion (Santali); bat.a bat.i to divide, serve out (food); bhag ba~t., bhag bha~t.a share, portion; bhag jat a system of cultivation in which the cultivator supplies the cattle, implements and labour, and received one half of the produce (Santali.lex.) Sort, arrange: For semant. bha~t.a in cmpd. bhag bha~t.a : cf. bha_ga-dhe_yam a share, a part, a portion; property (Skt.lex.) bhakti worship, devotion (S'vetUp.); attribution (Nir.); decoration; arrangement (Skt.); bhatti service, devotion (Pali); bhatti-kamma making lines, decoration (Pali); bhatti- devotion, arrangement, sort (Pkt.); bham.ti sort (Ap.); bhati ways, manner, habit (S.); bha_ti, bha~_ti form, appearance (Mth.); bha_m.ti way, manner (OAw.); bha~_t, bha~_ti_ sort (H.); bha~_ti (S.Ku.N.); bha~_t (P.N.M.); bha~_ti manner, king (OMarw.); bha_tⁱ (G.); batiya love, honour (Si.) (CDIAL 9338). pat.i manner, mode (Ta.); pad.i manner, method, way (Ka.); bad.i, vad.i manner (Te.)(DEDR 3851). Share: payk to distribute (Nk.); pahar.i part, share, portion (Kui); payal share, half (Ta.); pasu, pan~cu to divide, separate, part, distribute, share (Ka.); pacci, paccu part, portion; pasuge dividing, separation, division (Ka.); pasalu the share of the fishermen (Tu.); han~cuni to distribute, divide (Tu.); pancu to distribute, divide (Te.); pay, paiy to divide (Kol.); payp- (payt-) to share (Pa.); pay to divide into shares (Ga.); payp- (payup-) to distribute (Ga.); paspa to divide, distribute (Pe.); pahpa to share, apportion; n. apportionment (Kui)(DEDR 3936). paka part, share (Si.)(CDIAL 7627). Property: pa~er.e~ to give away property of family secretly (Santali.lex.) vakir to divide, separate (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) Worship: bhattika attending (Pali); bha_ktika dependent (Pa_n..); nityabha_ktika permanent retainer (A_past.); niccabhattika (Pali); bhakti possession (RV.)(CDIAL 9428). Agreement; property: pa_n:gu propriety, agreement, fitness (Ka.); id. (Ma.); pa_mbu id. (Ma.)(Ka.lex.) cf. pa_n:ku partisanship, agreeableness (Ta.); propriety, means (Ma.)(DEDR 4053). Gift; fortune: bha_g gift, enjoyment (RV.); ba_ good fortune; ba_ half (Si.)(CDIAL 9429). bha_gya fortune, lot (MBh.); fortune (Pali); bhagga id. (Pali.); good fortune, lot (Pkt.); bog^u good fortune (K.); bha_gu fortune, fate (S.); bha_g good fortune (L.P.); fortune (A.B.Mth.H.); fate (Ku.); bhala_-bha_g good fortune (Ku.); bha_ga fortune (Or.Aw.OMarw.); bha_gyo fortunate (S.); bha_gi_ (H.)(CDIAL 9434). bhagin prosperous, happy (AV.); bai good (Pas'.Gaw.); ba_i good (of grass for pasture), well (of health)(Shum.)(CDIAL 9348). pa_kkiyam happy destiny, good fortune, auspicious fate (Kur-al., 1141); prosperity, riches (Civap. Pira. Civajn~a_n-. Kalam. 51)(Ta.lex.) Tribute: pakuti, pakti tribute (Aric. Pu. Nakarni_. 111); income; revenue or rent; portion, allotment (Tiruva_ca. 3,1)(Ta.); pakuti division, share (Ma.); pagadi tribute, tax (Ka.); pagadi id. (Tu.); pagidi tribute (Te.)(DEDR 3808). Possession, part: bhakti possession (RV.); attribute (Nir.); decoration (Skt. in this meaning, falls together with: bhangi-); ornament (bhangi fashion, semblance); bhatti service, devotion; bhatti-kamma marking lines, decoration (Pali)(CDIAL 9338); bhakti part (AitBr.); section; su_tram bhanakti (Skt.)(CDIAL 9339). A system of land revenue: bha_ share (L.); mode of dividing produce 2/5 to landlord and 3/5 to tenant (P.); bhau share (P.); ba_ share, half (Si.); bai share (Md.); ba_ke place (Bshk.); bha_ga portion, fraction (S'vetUp.); portion (Pali); share (Pkt.); bhu_mi-bha_ga piece of land, place (MBh.); bhagi portion (As'.); bha_ge part, period (As'.); bhaga, bhagena, bagena on behalf of (NiDoc.); bhaga portion (KharI.); bha_a share (Pkt.); bawi share (Gypsy)(CDIAL 9430). bha_gin having a share in (Mn.); sharing (Pali); bha_gi, bha_i (Pkt.); bha_ya_n.o belonging to a partner (S.); bha_ya_t.ho, bha_yot.ho, bha_i_t.ho that in which different people have shares (S.); partner (S.); bha_et.hi_ partnership (S.)(CDIAL 9432). pa_kupantu joint interest in the property of a village or person associated (R.F.) (Ta.) < ba_dband (U.); pa_kupantu-mira_cu occupancy of land in coparcenery especially by members of the same family (R.F.)(Ta.lex.) pan:ku-k-ka_ran- co-sharer, shareholder (C.G.); the biggest shareholder in the lands of a village (Ta.); pan:kuta_ran- id.; pan:kan- sharer; one who has another by his side (Tiv. Periyati. 7,10,3); pan:ku-va_l.i mirasdars (G.Tn.D.I, 311)(Ta.lex.) An ancient system of village tenure: pan:ki one who appropriates, one who receives his share (Te_va_. 392,6); an obsolete system of village tenure in Tinnevelly by which the fields are divided by lot once in every six years among the villagers (W.G.)(Ta.); pan:ku-var..i a system of land tenure in which the lands of a village are, for purposes of convenient enjoyment, divided into many shares each consisting of a fixed number of acres and assigned to each holder with reference to quality of the soil, situation, etc. (C.G.); pan:kukka_n.i land owned in common; pan:ku-var..i-nilam land enjoyed under pan:kuvar..i system (C.G.); pan:ku-vi_tam equal shares; adv. pro rata; pan:kit.utal to divide, parcel out, distribute, apportion, allot; pan:ku-pakircci share, portion; pan:kupa_kam share, portion; partition; pan:kuma_l list of shares; Sixteen acres of dry land and two or 2 1/2 acres of wet land: pan:ku share, part (Ma.); share, portion, part (Tiruva_ca. 16,9); moiety, half; sixteen acres of dry land and two or two and a half of wet land (C.G. 288)(Ta.lex.) pan:kan- partner, husband (Ma.)(DEDR 3808). Share; division of a field: bhan:ga breaking (VS.); a break (Mn.); piece (Skt.); breaking up (Pkt.); bham.ga destruction, broken portion, piece (Pkt.); phang to break (Gy.); bhan:gu obstacle (s.); bha_n.o share (S.); bha_n.iba to break (A.); bha~_gat.h breakage (Mth.); bha_na_ to be broken (B.); bha_m.gau piece (OG.); bha~_gu~ broken to pieces (G.); bha~_ga division of a field, field (M.); bha~_gn.e~ to divide (M.)(CDIAL 9353). bha_jana dividing (Skt.); bha_n. line made by trampling down in standing crops for purpose of division, small change of a rupee (P.)(CDIAL 9437). bha_jya to be divided (Skt.); bha_j threshing floor (where the grain is divided out (L.); bha_jar. heap of grain collected for threshing (and subsequent division)(L.); bha_jar. threshing floor (L.); bha_ji_ share of food given at marriages, present, contribution (L.)(CDIAL 9438). bha_jvar. threshing floor (L.)(CDIAL 9439). pa_-ttal to divide, distribute (Tirunu_r-. 89); pa_-tal id. (Tol. Po. 58, Urai.); pa_kam sharing, dividing; share, part, portion (Tiruva_ca. 5,37); alms, charity; pa_kama_tal to be divided, partitioned; pa_kan- person who has anything at his side; partner (Te_va_. 1172, 9); agent; pa_n:kan- friend, associate, companion (Tol. Po. 104); id. (Ma.); husband (Na_lat.i. 400); pa_n:kar--ku_t.t.am union of a hero with his heroine effected through the aid of his companion (Tirukko_.); pa_n:ki female companion of a heroine, lady's maid (Nampiyakap. Akat. 27); pa_n:kin-am suit, company (Man.i. 8,35); pa_n:ku companionship (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 5,4,2); companion (Tin.aima_lai. 87); partisanship, interest, favour (Ya_p. Vi. 96, Pak. 515)(Ta.lex.)

5750.Threshed; abundant: bahuli_kr.ta threshed, winnowed; made much or manifold; extended, augmented (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) bahuli_kr. to thresh (Skt.lex.) bahuli_kr. to make public, disclose, divulge; to increase, aggrandize; bahula abundant, copious, plentiful (Skt.lex.) Much: bajek much (Pe.); bajon pl. many (Pe.); bejek much (Mand..)(DEDR 3830). bahe much, too much, many (Or.); bahutitha manifold, many, much (MBh.)[cf. numeral suffix -tha-: katitha, kati, katipayatha, katipaya]; bahutaya manifold (TS.)(CDIAL 9189). buha_e, buheka abundantly, much (Or.); bahudha_ in many ways (RV.Pali); bahuha_ (Pkt.)(CDIAL 9191). bahu much, many, great (RV.); bahuka costing much (Skt.); bahu, bahuka much (Pali.As'.); bahu sg.and pl., bahuve pl. much, many (NiDoc.); bahu, bahuga, bahu_a, bahuaya (Pkt.); buhu much; buhu large, much, very; bahu (Gypsy); bu_, bo_(h) many (Pas'.); bo_ (Shum.); bo^h (Kal.); bo(h) much, many (Kho.); bahu~_ much (S.); bahu~_ much, many, great; bau~_ (L.); bahu, bahu~ (P.); bahu (A.B.Or.Mth.G.); bauha_ much (OM.); bhav, bho (Konkan.i); boho_, bo_ much, many; boso_ learned (Si.)(CDIAL 9187). bahutva abundance (MBh.); bahutta abundance, multiplicity (Pali); bahutta, bahu_a much (Pkt.); bu_t much, many (Gypsy); but much (Tor.); bahut, bauhat, bahuta_ (P.); bhaut (Ku.); bahut (N.A.B.Mth.H.G.); bahuta, bhauta, bout (Or.); bahuto much, many (Mth.); bahuta (OAw.); bahuta, bahota, bhota (OMarw.); bot (G.); bahu_t (M.); mhop, mop (Konkan.i); bauhtera_, bathera_ abundant (P.); bahuter, bahutera_ very many, most; adv. for the greater part (H.); but.e much, many (Sh.); bu_t. (D..); but (Bur.); bu_t. all (Mai.); but.a (Mai.); bu_t.u (Sh.)(CDIAL 9190). bahura much, thick (AitBr.); bu_ra, bu_rak much, many (Pas'.); be^eri_ (Pas'.); bo_re (Shum.); bro_k many (Tir.); lau large; la_go many (Pas'.); la_u, lou much, many (Gaw.); lao, lau (Wot..); zow (Gau.); la_ya much, many (Dm.)(CDIAL 9193). bahuli_kr.ta thickened (MBh.); bo^hli_ milk of a cow newly calved (L.)(CDIAL 9196). bahula, bola thick, solid (Si.); bahula large, thick (RV.); much, abundant (Pali.Pkt.); buxlo wide; bo_l, bo_li much, great (Gypsy); bahul much, abundant (A.); bahul.a much, thick (Or.)(CDIAL 9194). la.v fat (Kol.); la_v strength (Pa.); strength, force (Go.); alavi power; alavu power, ability, strength (Te.); la_vu strength, fatness, bigness, corpulence; adj. big, large, stout, corpulent, robust (Te.); al. strength, firmness (Ta.); alvi, a_l energy, stamina (Kond.a.); a_l endurance; la_vu much (Kond.a)(DEDR 3112). cf. al-urqe to grow up to maturity (Malt.)(DEDR 399).

5752.Image: to jump up: ek-ku (ek-ki-) to reach up, stretch oneself in reaching for a thing; climb, mount, get up; ekku (ekki-) to rise, go up; stand on tiptoe (Ta.); ekkuka to come up, stand on tiptoe (Ma.); ekku id.; ekkala high, tall, huge like a demon; ekkal.su to reach up (Ka.); ekkalyuni to stretch the body, stoop down in order to catch or pick up anything, spring or jump up (Tu.); ekku to ascend, mount, get upon; ekkincu to cause to ascend; (inscr.) ekkumat.i export (cf. DEDR 3730 egumati)(Te.); ek- to climb, (sun) rises; a'k- to climb (Go.); ek- id. (Kond.a); ekasi, engasi rising, ascending, uphill; en:g- to climb; ek- to load on a cart (Kui); engali, enginai to climb; ekh'nai to heighten, promote, over-burden; epki ki- to cause to climb (Kuwi)(DEDR 766). ekku to increase, rise, be augmented (Te.); ekkadot.t.u to increase (Te.)(DEDR 768).

5753.Hiccough: vikku to hiccup, be super-abundant, chokeful; hiccup (Ta.); vikkal, vikkul., vikkil. hiccup (Ta.); pik to cough (To.); bikku to pant, sob, hiccup, stammer (Ka.); bikkul.u sobbing; bikkul.isu to throw up, vomit, eject (Ka.); bikkuni to hold one's breath; bikku holding one's breath, sob (Tu.); vekku, vegacu to hiccough, sob; vekkili hiccough, sobbing (Te.); veksi hiccup (Kol.); veka to cough; coughing, cough (Kui); vek to choke when drinking or eating (Kuwi); ve'uri, kuta ve'uri hiccough (Kuwi); bekkhna_ to have the windpipe stopped, be choked, (animals) to cough (Kur.); beqe to be choked; busge to sob (Malt.)(DEDR 5383). cf. vicchardita ejected, vomited; vicchardana vomiting (Skt.); vicchad.d.e_ti throw out, vomits (Pali)(CDIAL 11689). in:kuva a sigh (Te.); inka a belch; inkawata hiccough (Go.); iu~_khna_ to cough (Kur.); inqe id.; inqrse to force phlegm from the throat, hawk; inq-pce hiccough (Malt.); hikking to hiccough (Br.)(DEDR 419). hikkati hiccups, sobs (Skt.); hi_k (Kal.); hik- to hiccup (Dm.); 1 sg. hiku_m (Phal.)(CDIAL 14074). hikka_ hiccup (Sus'r.Pali.Pkt.); hyuk^u (K.); hi_k (H.); hik (G.); hikka_ra (Pali.); hikik (N.); hi_kat.i (A.)(CDIAL 14075). hin:karo_ti lows (as a cow after its calf)(Skt.); hin:kr.n.o_ti (RV.); in:garna_ on heat (of cow or buffalo)(L.); hin:g to neigh (Pas'.)(CDIAL 14076). hin:ka_ra exclamation of surprise (Pali); hi~_ka_rna_ to low, bellow, roar (H.)(CDIAL 14077). cf. vekkasamu nausea (Te.)(DEDR 5466). ekkal.ikka to hiccough; ekkil., ekkit.t.a, ikkil., ikkit.t.am hiccough, last breath (Ma.); is.kur. fat-- to hiccough (To.); ekku (usura ekku) to breathe as a child after crying loudly; ekd.u to hiccough; ekkid.ikE hiccough; e_ged.ike id. (Ka.); ekkade, ekkale hiccough, gasping (Tu.); ekkili, ekku hiccup (Te.); ikl.u, ikkid.i hiccough (Kor.); ekt.i, at.ki_ (pl. -hk) id.; ekku to belch (Go.); hikking to hiccough (Br.)(DEDR 772).

5754.To stay; a place: in:ku (in:ki-) to abide, stay (Ta.); in:kuva a place, haunt (Te.)(DEDR 420). cf. ikka place, abode, dwelling, seat (Te.); irukkai sitting, seat, residence (Ta.); ig- (ir-, it-) to exist, be in a place (Ko.); i.s.k dwelling, act of dwelling; is.k lifetime (To.); ikke, irke being, abode, seat, place (Ka.); re'nai to abide (Kuwi)(DEDR 480). cf. rahna_ to abide, live (H.lex.) cf. er- (e-, a-; edd-) to become, happen (Kol.)(DEDR 823). cf. imbu a halting or resting place, home, space, room (Ka.)(DEDR 467). cf. irku, ikku to lay or put down, put, place, beat, serve up (as food) (Ka.); ikkuni to put, serve up (as food)(Tu.)(DEDR 492). cf. ir- to put, fill, place (Ga.)(DEDR 442). raha remains (RV.BhP.); rahas- isolation, secrecy (MBh.); raha_yate_ is lonely (Pa_n.. gan.a); raha_yati (Pali); rahita deserted; rahati, rahayati leaves (Dha_tup.Pali); virahayati leaves (S'a_n:khGr..); viraha the being alone (MBh.); rahai, rahae_, rahe_i remains; rahia remaining; rahia deserted, left (Pkt.); za_n, zo_n, gu_n standing (Pas'.); rahn.u to remain; rahnu, riun^u (K.); rahan.u to stay (S.); rahan. to remain; ra_vun. (L.); rahin.a_ (P.); re_hn.u_, re_hn.a_, ra~_n.u_, re~_he_to pres. part. (WPah.); raun.o (Ku.); rahanu (N.); rahiba to abate (of hunger)(A.); raha_ to continue to be, remain (B.); rahiba_ to remain (Or.); rahab (Mth.Aw.); rahna_ (H.); rahevu~ (G.); raha_n.e~, ra_hn.e~ (M.); raha_in.u to make stay, get on with (S.); a-rajjhiya not remaining (Pkt.); randanava_, randenava_ to remain (Si.)(CDIAL 10666). rahita deserted, lacking (MBh.); forsaken, lonely (Pali); rahia deserted, left (Pkt.); ria, re without (S.)(CDIAL 10670). virahita abandoned, separated (MBh.); free from (Pali); virahia abandoned (Pkt.); virahi absent (Si.)(CDIAL 11853). viraha desertion, separation (esp. of lovers)(MBh.); empty, bare (Pali); separation (Pkt.); virahu separation of friends or lovers (S.); birah, birha_ (P.); biraha sorrow of separation (OAw.); varaha separation (OG.)(CDIAL 11851). virahayati abandons (S'a_n:khGr..); virahijjai is left (Pkt.); birasna_ to stop, remain (H.) (CDIAL 11852). rahan.a firmness, remaining (Pkt.); rahan.i_ staying, residence (S.); re~_r.~ staying (Ku.); rahan-sahan conduct, behaviour (N.); rahani firmness, stopping place, dwelling place (N.); rahan.a staying; rahan.i_ residence (Or.); rahana staying (OAw.); rahan manner (H.); rahen.i_ manner of life (G.); rahn.i_ (M.)(CDIAL 10665). rahasya private, secret (MBh.); rahas lonely spot (Mn.); rahassa adj. and n. secret (Pali.Pkt.); rahas in secret (B.); rahasi (OAw.); rahas secret (H.M.); rahasa secret, mystery; raha privacy, solitariness (Si.)(CDIAL 10669).

5755.Image: two: vira, ira two (Ka.lex.)

5756.Man, husband; hero: ire man (Shum.); male (of goats, bulls, boys)(Shum.); wer-jemi_ man (Kt.); vira hero (Ap.); vir (Lat.)(CDIAL 11840). vi_ra man, hero, son (RV.); male of an animal (AV.); vi_raka little man (RV.); vi_ra hero (Pali.Pkt.); viraga, viraya male (of camels, sheep, goats)(NiDoc.); wiri-gor.e stallion; wira-kur.a boy (Ash.); werjimi_, warjemi_ (Pr.); bi_ra male, he-goat (Dm.); bir male (of animals)(Tir.); wi_r man (Pas'.); heriu husband (Gaw.); bi_ra he-goat (Kal.); bira~e male (Kal.); bi_r he-goat (Bshk.); bhi_ro male; he-goat (Phal.); bi_ro, bi_ru, bi_r male (of animals)(Sh.); vi_r brave man (K.); vi_ru hero, demon (S.); vi_r brother (L.); vi_ra, bi_r brother (address by sister)(P.); vi_r, bi_r hero (P.); bi_r hero (WPah.Ku.); bir wild boar (N.); bira_ evil spirit which enjoys women (A.); bi_r hero (Mth.); bi_ra_ brother, kinsman (OAw.); bi_r warrior (H.); bi_ro brother (OMarw.); vi_r hero, brother (G.); vi_ro brother (address by sister)(G.); vi_r hero (M.); viru (Si.)(CDIAL 12056). vi_rya manliness, virility (RV.); semen (MBh.); vi_riya manliness (RV.); viriya effort (Pali); bi_j semen (Mth.); vi_ria strength, bravery (Pkt.); viri_ strength (M.); vera, viriya (Si.)(CDIAL 12061). vaira hostile; enmity (AV.); ve_ra enmity (Pali.Pkt.); vera hatred (NiDoc.); veru enmity (S.); veru~ vindictive (S.); ve_r, vr enmity, feud (L.); be_r (WPah.); ver enmity, revenge (G.); vera (Si.)(CDIAL 12142). vairin enemy (Mn.); ve_rin, ve_rika hostile, revengeful (Pali); ve_ri, ve_ria enemy (Pkt.); be_ri (Sh.); veri_ (S.); vri_ (L.); veri_ hostile; veran. revengeful woman (G.)(CDIAL 12145). vi_raja_ta consisting of male offspring (RV.); werwo_ya_ boy (Pas'.)(CDIAL 12058). vi_ramalla m. nom. prop. (Skt.); wermala_ husband, man (Pas'.)(CDIAL 12059). matheru champion (S.)(CDIAL 9930).

5757.Image: serpentine horn; trumpet: hegga_l.e a large metal horn; cf. boggu (Ka.lex.) cf. ban:ka, van:ka a bend (Ka.lex.) baggu, boggu to bend; baggisu, boggisu to bend; boggu-hegga_l.e a bent large ka_l.e (Tadbhava of kahal.e) = ka_hale, kahal.e, kahal.a_, ka_hale = a metal horn (trumpet) of long tapering shape or of a horn-like shape; kahal.a_rava the sound of a kahal.e; kahal.e-ka_r-a a man who blows a kahal.e; bir-u-gahal.e a loud-sounding horn; kombu-ga_l.e, kombu-ka_l.e a serpentine horn to play upon; gavur, gavuru, gavuri a loud, shill, harsh sound (Ka.); gaure (Te.); gavuru-ga_l.e a kind of harsh-sounding ka_l.e (Ka.); gaureka_l.elu (Te.); pon:ga_l.e a golden horn; burugu, bur-ugu imitation of a harsh, loud sound; burugu-ga_l.e, bu_rga_l.e a kind of ka_l.e (Ka.lex.) ekka_l.am [prob. ekku (to rise, go up) + ka_hala] trumpet, a kind of cornet (Ta.); hegga_l.a (Te.)(Ta.lex.) prob. heg (Ka. = largeness) + ka_hala. ka_hala a kind of musical instrument; ka_hala, ka_hala_, ka_halam a horn (Skt.lex.)[ka_hale is one of the pacamaha_va_dya; cf. s'r.n:ga va_dyada kombu, tammat.avemba halige, s'an:khavemba daval.a, bhe_riyemba ba_ja_, jayaghan.t.eyemba ja_gat.e itter-ada pacamaha_va_dyan:gal.am.,-- bhadramemba karad.e, s'a_sakavemba naga_ri, bhi_s.an.avemba tra_sa_, gho_s.anavemba hud.ukka_, din.d.imavemba d.ikki, d.amaruvemba d.o_lu, jhurjhuravemba jha_yi, ka_halavemba gavurika_l.e, dundubhiyemba dho_ra, ghan.t.ikeyemba gan.t.e itter-ada das'ava_dyan:gal.am. ba_r-esalul.l.a vicaks.an.ar : Vive_kacinta_man.i, 4th prakaran.a; loc. cit. Ka. lex.)

5758.Image: large bull: heggol.i a large bull; heggal.l.a ettu a very large bullock; peg, per largeness, greatness etc. (Ka.); pekku (Te.); pet.a plenty, much (Ta.) (Ka.lex.)

5760.Helper: va_huru_ helper (S.); va_har, vahar crowd of people, help (P.); va_ha_ra help (OG.); vaha_r, vha_r, va_r help; va_r army (G.)(CDIAL 12217). A great man: cf. praggad.e, pegad.e an elder, noble, minister (Te.lex.) heggad.ati the wife of a headman or gavud.a; a mistress; heggad.e, peggad.e a headman, a chief, a master; an epithet of the blanket-weavers and shepherds of the Kur-uba caste (Ka.lex.) veggal.a, veggal.e, eggal.a, heggal.a a great man; abundance, greatness, excess; veggal.isu, vekkal.isu to become much, increase greatly, become plentiful, go beyond the common boundary (in emotions), be elated or actuated by impulse (Ka.); veggalamu, veggalapu excess, too much; excessive, extreme; veggali~_d.u a great or extraordinary man (Te.)(DEDR 5467). heccal.a elation; heccal.isu to become elated: to begin to rejoice (Ka.lex.) vekkat.uppu sternness of countenance, stiffness (Ta. lex.) veku adj. < bahu many; much (Tiruppu. 20); vekuttal to be excessive, abundant; vekucu plenty (Ta.lex.) ? ven.-ko_l, ven:ko_n-mai cruel government, tyrannical rule; ven:ko_lan- tyrant, cruel ruler (veruvanta ceytor..ukum ven:ko_lan- : Kur-al., 563)(Ta.lex.) ekkal.a, eggal.a abundance, excess; ekkat.iga a superior, noble, or great man (Ka.); ekkad.i (Inscr.) noble, great, superior; a hero, warrior (Te.)(DEDR 768). peggad.e = pergad.e an elder (Ka.); pegad.e, pregad.e, praggad.e, preggad.e an elder, noble, minister (Te.); tottu-veggad.e a superintendent of servants; ba_n.asu-veggad.e a kitchen-master; mane-veggad.e, mane-peggad.e the superintendent of a house (Ka.lex.) ekkar proud, haughty persons (ekkara_ maman:kaiyarukku : Te_va_. 859,11); ekkal id. (kat.alekkali n-un.man.alir- palar : Tiv. Tiruva_y. 4,1,4)(Ta.lex.) cf. ekkar vulgar expression, word not fit to be used in decent society (Pin..); avaiyal-kil.avi < sabha_ + al + = language not suited to an assembly, indecent language (Tol. Col. 442)(Ta.lex.) ka_hala_ a large drum (military); excessive, spacious, large; mischievous; indistinct speech; ka_halam very much, excessively; ka_hali an epithet of S'iva (Skt.lex.) hegala vit.t.an.n.a a name (Ka.lex.) Image: flood-tide: eggal.a, heggal.a, ekkal.a, yeggal.a, veggal.a abundance, excess (Ka.lex.) hekkal.a the state of being or becoming large or of increasing; flood-tide (of the sea); excessive abundance; excellence (of power; of a shower of flowers; of swords)(Ka.lex.) ekkal.i-ttal to be overjoyed (Arut.pa_. 1, Civane_s'a. 78)(Ta.lex.) heg, peg largeness; heg- in cmpds.: heggat.t.avattige large hatchet of female demons; heggat.t.u a strong band or knot; heggan.a, peggan.a a bandicoot; heggal.l.a a great thief; a great idler; hegga_d.u a large or thick forest; heggid.a a large, tall tree; heggiri a large mountain; heggun.t.e a large bullock-hoe used in weeding and stirring crops in the field; heggombu, heggombe a large, or the main, branch of a tree (Ka.lex.) Great man: aggal.a, aggal.e, argal.a greatness, eminence, excess; a great man; aggal.ike greatness, great power; aggal.isu, aggalisu to be or become pre-eminent, abundant or redundant, excel (Ka.); aggalika greatness, high degree, perseverance, eagerness; aggalincu to increase, grow, exert; aggalamu excessive, vehement (Te.); a_glo, a_gro, agro more, much (Go.); a_gal many, much; aggeli many (Kui); aga_da more; agar.a id., extra (Kuwi)(DEDR App. 4); agra top, summit (Skt.); agl.a_ superior (M.); aga_r.i (N.)(CDIAL 68). ajgar. great (Santali.lex.) aggaphala first fruit; agga first; agga-tama first-rate (Pali.lex.)

5761.Image: width of twelve fingers: ba_hra_ of a length equal to twelve fingers' breadth; a term used to denote twelve villages inhabited chiefly by a caste of jats; any collection of twelve villages inhabited or owned by people of one caste (there are many such instances of ownership in the Punjab); ba_hri_ the name of a caste of khattries; collection of twelve castes of khattries (P.lex.)

5762.Guard: pahara, pahra a guard, a watchman; to guard, to watch; pahradar a guard; pahraedako they are on guard; pahra kanako they are guards (Santali.lex.) The charge for watching: pahara, pahra, pa_ra the charge of watching over something (Mu.); pahra (H.)(Mu.lex.) Watchman: pahra, pahara, pahradar a watchman (Santali.lex.) pahat.na_ to run behind someone in order to drive away (H.)(CDIAL 8899). cf. prahara a division of time = about 3 hours, a watch; praharaka id. (Skt.)[Sanskritization of Pers. pahra watch?]; pahar watch of 3 hours (K.); paharu (S.); phur, pa_har, paur, pa_r (L.); pahar, pauhr, paihr watch (P.); pahar watch of 3 hours (Ku.); pahar (N.); par (A.); pahar, par (B.); pahara (Or.); pahar (Mth.Bhoj.); pahara (OAw.); pahar (H.); pahara (OMarw.); pahor, pohor, por (G.); paha_r, pa_r (M.); paihra_ watchman (P.); paharo watch, guard, turn, time (Ku.); pahara_ watch, guard (N.B.); watch, watchman (H.); pahero, pohoro, poro a guard (G.)(CDIAL 8900). pahare, pa_re, pa_ra_, pa_hare a period of three hours, a watch; a watch or a guard; the business of a guard, the state of guarding (Ka.); pahare (M.); paha_ra, paha_ra_ (H.); pahare_ tirugu to go about on guard (Ka.); pa_hi guard! protect! (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) prahara the eighth part of a whole day, a watch; praharaka a watch; striking the hours; praharin a watchman, a bellman; prahr. to strike (Skt.); prahr. to seize upon; praha_ra striking; prahr.ta seized (Skt.)(Skt.lex.) cf. praha_ra blow (Mn.)(CDIAL 8906). cf. praharati strikes (AV.)(CDIAL 8902). praha_yya messenger (Vedic.lex.) cf. prahin.o_ti despaches, sends (RV.); pahita sent (Pali); prahita sent (RV.); pahin.ati despatches (Pali)(CDIAL 8908). praharin gong-man, watchman (Skt.); pari_ya_ village watchman (A.); pahari_ village watchman (Ku.); pahari, pahuri (B.); pahari_ (Or.); pahari_, pahariya_ (H.)(CDIAL 8903). cf. pagadasti immovable, as in a determination or promise; cautious, wary as in speech; painstaking (Ka.M.); pagadasti-ga_r-a a painstaking man (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Day: cf. pakal day time; a day (Ta.Ma.); pagal (Ka.); pagalu, pavalu, pagulu (Te.)(Ka.lex.) pakal dividing, separating (Pur-ana_. 249); period of two na_r..ikai (Ci_vaka. 2200); midday; day time, as divided from the night (Pur-ana_. 8); the morning sun (Paripa_. 11,96)(Ta.lex.) Attention: para_kku < para_k a term of exclamation meaning 'attention' (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) ra_kho protector (S.); ra_kha_ watchman; raks. guard (Skt.)(CDIAL 10671).

5764.Image: mockery: cf. bekkasa, bakkasa astonishment, amazement, surprise (Ka. lex.) ekatta_l.i mockery, jest, ridicule (Ta.); egata_l.i (Te.); egatal.i (Ka.); ekatta_l.am (Ta.); egata_l.a (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) Image: laughter: pakan.t.ai song of ridicule (Patin-o. Tiruva_lan.. 1,11)(Ta.lex.) bakkara laughter (Pkt.)(CDIAL 9117). bakva_, bakvo prattle (G.)(CDIAL 9118). Image: amazement: bekkasa, bakkasa astonishment, amazement, surprise; begad.u amasement; fear, alarm (Ka.); begad.u, vegad.u, beggala, beggila (Te.)(Ka.lex.) pakat.i mockery, ridicule; jest, witty repartee; jester, buffoon; pretender, imposter (Or..ivi. Potu. 3)(Ta.lex.) bakun to prate (K.); bakan.u to prattle (S.); bakn.a_ (P.); baknu (N.); bakiba (A.); baka_ (B.); bakiba_ (Or.); bakna_ (H.); bakvu~ (G.); bakn.e~ (M.); redupl.: bakbaki prattling (S.); bakbak (Ku.N.); bakabaka (Or.); bakbak (H.G.M.)(CDIAL 9117). paka imitation of the sound of laughter; paka paka(ne) nagu to laugh very loudly, giggle; pakkane suddenly; pakkane nagu to burst out laughing (Ka.); pakapaka quickly; pakka, pakkane suddenly, unexpectedly (Tu.); pakapaka, paka_paka a loud burst of laughter, the noise of laughter; pakkuna suddenly (applied to laughter)(Te.); paka_l the sound of sudden laughter (Ga.); pakk-en-al onom. expr. of (a) being sudden, (b) bursting as with sudden laughter (Ta.)(DEDR 3813). Image: exhilara-tion: makir.. joy, exhilaration, intoxication from liquor, toddy (Ta.); Image: to laugh: maxing to laugh (Br.); makir..uka to rejoice (Ma.)(DEDR 4618). pahas insult (Si.); praha_sa loud laughter, derision (MBh.)(CDIAL 8907). pakit.i mockery (Ta.); pagidi id. (Te.); pakit.ikkatai story told to excite laughter (Ta.lex.) Amazed; afraid; cowardly: cf. pukkalu, pukku fear, timidity (Ka.)(DEDR 4200b). vekar.. (vekat--) to be puzzled, astounded, thunderstuck; caus. vekarkc- (Ko.); pek in- (id-) to be afraid (To.); bekkasa astonishment, amazement; begad.u, begar, begar.., bigur to be amazed, astonished, fear; n. amazement, fear, alarm; bigurvu that which is formidable or terrific; vigurvisu, vigurbisu to become or be formidable; vigurban.e a fearful object (Ka.); bekkasu surprise, wonder; bekkasuni to wonder, be surprised; begad.uni to be alarmed, bewildered (Tu.); vegad.u astonishment, surprise, confusion, embarrassment, anxiety; vegad.u-pad.u to be anxious; begad.u-pad.u, beggad.il(l)u to fear, be afraid; beg(g)ad.u to be afraid, fear; n. fear, terror; begad.u-par-acu to frighten; beggalamu fear, concern; beggalincu to be afraid; beggalikamu fear; beggil(l)u to be afraid, tremble (Te.); bekad.yak fearful, cowardly (Kol.)(DEDR 5465). vir-ai (-pp-, -tt-) to become bewildered; vir-aippu bewilderment; vir-umi (-pp-, -tt-) to be dazed or bewildered; vir-umai bewilderment (Ta.); verk state of being out of one's normal mind, esp. because of Kurukba magic (Ko.); bir-u to be astounded; ber-agu amazement, astonishment, alarm, wandering or confusion of mind (Ka.); beragu wonder, amazement; beraguni to be amazed, atonished (Tu.); ver-a_gu--pad.u, ver-a~gu-par-acu, vera~gu-par-acu to surprise, astonish, amaze (Te.); ver-a_gu, vera_gu surprise, astonishment, wonder; bra_ confused, confounded, amazed, bewildered; bra_ inba to be confused, etc.(Kui)(DEDR 5443).

5765.Image: heat, fire: bem. (bej), bisu heat; ben:gadir a hot ray; ben:gadira the sun; ben:gal a hot stone; ben:ki, ben:ke, ben:ge heat; fire; ben:ki bi_r..u fire to fall upon or attack; ben:kiya_gu to become very angry; ben:ki hattu fire to be attached or to touch; fire to kindle (Ka.lex.) Sun-god: pakan- < bhaga a sun-god, one of tuva_taca_tittar (Tirukko_. 184)(Ta.lex.) Image: sun: pakal sun (Man.i. 4,92), the morning sun (Paripa_. 11,96), daytime (Pur-ana_. 8)(Ta.); morning, daytime (Ma.); pagelu daytime (Tu.); pakaram brightness, splendour (Ta.); pokkal day (Pa.); pakalavan, pakalo_n sun (Ma.); pakalavan-, pakalo_n- sun (Ta.); poxol daytime (To.); pagal daytime, a day (Ka.); pagalu, pavalu day, daytime (Te.); palgre to dawn (Malt.); pakt.a day (Pa.); panga dawn, morning (Pa.); pi_al by day; piya_l, piyal, peyal, payal a day (Go.); pahpahrna_ to dawn; pairi_ morning (Kur.); palgre to dawn; pohpohre dawn (Malt.)(DEDR 3805). pakalo_n- sun (Tiruva_ca. 15,5); pakal-va_yil east, as the gate of the day (Cilap. 9,10); pakal-ceyva_n- sun, as day-maker (Cilap. 7,50)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) pa_kara-p-pirapai splendour of the sun (Me_ruman. 1073); bha_-kara (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) Morning; image: sun: pakkam < bharga lustre, brilliance as of gems (Tiv. Tirunet.un. 21, Pak. 175)(Ta.lex.) pratyu_s.a dawn (MBh.); paccu_sa dawn (Pali.Pkt.); paccu_ha (Pkt.); pasos (Si.)(CDIAL 8646). prayu_s.aka_la time of dawn (MBh.); paccu_saka_le_ in the morning (Pali); pasossal early dawn (Si.)(CDIAL 8647). praro_cate_ shining forth (RV.); praising (ChUp.)(CDIAL 8745). prakat.ana bringing to light (Skt.); parne morning (Pr.)(CDIAL 8429). bha_la splendour (Skt.inscr.); pral light (Dm.); plal, plol light, iris of eye; adj. light, bright (Gaw.); pralik, prelik light (Kal.); ca_l (Bshk.); culo (Chil.); plal adj. light, bright (Sv.); cou (Gau.); pra_l (Phal.); c.alo_ lighted torch (Sh.); pa_la_ lamp (N.)(CDIAL 8711). paha_sai shines (Pkt.); prabha_sate_ shines (MBh.); pa_yanava_ to shine, become clear, rise (of sun)(Si.)(CDIAL 8712). prabha_sayati makes shine, illumines (MBh.); pabha_se_ti illumines (Pali); pa_svu~ to make bright (G.); pahayay illumining (OSi.10th cent.); pa_nava_ to show (Si.)(CDIAL 8713). pakar radiance, splendour (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 6,10,9); to emit lustre(Ta.lex.) cf. bharga (Skt.) praka_s'a clearness, lustre (RV.); paka_sa lustre (Pali); paya_sa light (Pkt.); pras'o, pyas'o light (of sun, lamps, etc.)(WPah.); paha lustre (Si.)(CDIAL 8437). praka_s'ate_ becomes visible (MBh.); praca_kas'at surveying (RV.); paka_sati shines forth, becomes visible or known (Pali); pakce to look for (Kt.); payanava_ to rise (of sun), shine, become clear (Si.)(CDIAL 8438). praka_s'ana illuminating (R.); displaying (MBh.); paka_sana explaining, information (Pali); paya_san.a illumination (Pkt.); pahan light, morning, dawn, lamp (Si.); peuheli, penella torch (Si. + hella spear)(CDIAL 8439). praka_s'ayati makes visible (Skt.); paka_se_ti makes known (Pali); paya_se_i makes shine (Pkt.); pa_svu~ to make bright (G.); pahayay illuminating (OSi.); pa_nava_ to show (Si.)(CDIAL 8440). praka_s'ita published (MBh.); paka_sita made known (Pali); praga_sita (NiDoc.); paya_siya (Pkt.); pavasu information (Si.)(CDIAL 8441). prabha light (Mn.); pabha light (Pali.Pkt.); paha_ (Pkt.); prawa, pl. rays of light, sunshine (K.); piriha dawn (S.); poh, pau, parah dawn (L.); pauh, paih, paihi, pao (P.); puha_ (OA.); puwa_ sunrise, morning time (A.); pah, poh, pau dawn (H.); pa_he dawn, next day (OM.); paha fire; pa_ha_ light, brilliance; paba light, brightness (Si.); pa_ha_r sunshine, sunny place (N.); pohar light (A.); paha_t. period before sunrise, dawn (M.)(CDIAL 8705). prabha_kara sun (MBh.); light (Skt.); paha_yara sun (Pkt.); paha_r, pa_ha_r sunshine, sunny place (N.)(CDIAL 8706). prabha_ta shone forth (MBh.); daybreak (Gaut.); pabha_ta shining; dawn (Pali); paha_ya, paha_iya (Pkt.); paho, poh dawn (G.); paa~_-tara_, pua~_-tara_ morning-star (Or.); pha_yi tomorrow (Konkan.i); parod.h, paror., parod.hiyu~, paror.iyu~ dawn (G.)(CDIAL 8707). prabha_taka_la dawn (Sus'r.); poha_ili dawn (OB.); poha_la (B.)(CDIAL 8708). prabha_ti shines forth (RV.); appears, seems (MBh.); pabha_ti shines forth (Pali); poha_na to dawn (B.); pa_iba_, pa_ha_nti dawn (Or.); pa_he shines (OM.); pa_ha_ti_ dawn (OM.); pa_yanava_ to rise (of sun), shine, become clear (Si.); pahan.u to consider (S.); pa_iba to be fit or proper (A.); pa_iba_ to suit, tally with, seem, think (Or.); pa_hn.e~ to see, search (M.); pa_hije it is necessary (M.)(CDIAL 8709). prabha_na light (Pa_n..com.); pahana light, dawn, morning, lamp (Si.)(CDIAL 8710). Image: dawn: vaikar-ai daybreak (Ain:kur-u. 188); ve_kuva id. (Te.); vaikal day (Pur-ana_. 363); vaika_cam dawn (Ta.) ?< vika_sa (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) vaiku-cut.ar light that burns all night (Akana_. 87); vaikutal to dawn, as the day (Perumpa_n.. 318); vaikirul. darkness immediately before dawn (Ta.lex.) bay, bay(i)ge evening, evening twilight (Ka.); vaikuka to stay the night, delay, stay, be late (Ma.); vaiku-ne_ram, vai-ne_ram evening; vaikikka to detain, delay; vaikkam delay (Ma.); vaikar-ai, vaikur-u daybreak (Ta.); bayt.i evening (Kod..); bayyuni, baiyuni to perch, roost; baiya, bayya evening; baiku delay, stay; in the evening (Tu.); ve_gu, ve_vu to dawn; ve_gincu to keep awake; ve_gimpu waking from sleep, keeping awake; ve~_gu~bo_ka, ve_gu~bo_ka, ve~_bo_ka, ve_kuva dawn (Te.)[cf. the suprabha_tam the early morning invocation traditionally broadcast in Tirupati, ve_n:kat.am]; veged., ve_ger. tomorrow (Kol.); ve_g- (ve_gt-) to dawn (Nk.); ve_ge(n), e_gen tomorrow (Nk.); ve_v-, ve_y- to dawn, (day) breaks; ve_pip- (ve_pit-) to make to dawn (Pa.); ve_g- to dawn (Ga.); viya_ sukum morning star; viy- (morning) to dawn; vi_y- to dawn; vi_nahk the whole night long; vele tomorrow (Go.); vige tomorrow; ve_g-/vi_g- to dawn (Kond.a); vig- (vikt-) to dawn (Pe.); viga, vigalin tomorrow (Pe.); ving- (vinkt-) to dawn; vi_e tomorrow; vinge id. (Mand..); ve_ga (ve_gi-) to last, outlast the night, dawn; ve_ga d.a_nju early dawn; ve_gam bod.ur.i morning star; veiti next day, on the day after (Kui); ve_y- (-it-), we_i_nai to dawn; we_d.a we_yalie daybreak; vi_'e, wi_e, vi'e, ve'e tomorrow (Kuwi); bijjna_ to dawn, begin to grow light; bijjta'a_na_ to protract till dawn (Kur.); bije to dawn (Malt.)(DEDR 5554). Dawn: vibha_ti shines forth (RV.); dawns (Pali); viha_di, viha_yai shines (Pkt.); bya_n.o to dawn (Ku.); biya_unu to become light (N.)(CDIAL 11812). vibha_nu radiant (RV.); viha_n.i_ dawn (S.); bya_n (Ku.); biya_na obl. in the morning (N.); biha_n morning (A.); id., dawn (B.Bi.Mth.Bhoj.); dawn (H.); biha_ne adv. in the morning (A.); early (H.); viha_n.ai in the morning (OG.); vaha_n.u_, va_n.u~ dawn (G.); vibha_yana brightening (Pali); viha_yai (Pkt.)(CDIAL 11813). vibha_van bright (RV.); viha_u_ the morning star (S.)(CDIAL 11814). Burnt field for shifting cultivation: ve_gar. burnt field for shifting cultivation; ve.gad. (obl. ve.gat.-) field (Kol.)(DEDR 1438; DEDR 5258). bega_, be~gwa_ loose sandy sub-soil in which a clay well does not work (Bi.)(CDIAL 9307). Burn forest: ve_va (ve_t-) to be cooked; (forest) to be fired, burned (Kui); vey- (vet-) to be burned (forest, fuel)(Kond.a); ve- (-t-) to be burnt (Kuwi)(DEDR 5517). Soldered, united, refined (as gold): ve_ to be refined (as gold)(Ta.)(DEDR 5517). ve_vu combustion (Ma.); vet- (vety-) to weld (i.e. make red-hot (Ko.); ve_va to be fired, burned (forest)(Kui); ve- (-t-) to be burnt (Kui); bassna_ to consume to ashes, (man) destroys by fire (Kur.); veh- (-it-) to be hot (Kuwi)(DEDR 5517). bhasman ashes (AV.Pali); bhassa (Pkt.); bas fine dust or powder (of charcoal, fuel, cowdung, etc.)(K.); bhasu ashes (S.); bhass (L.P.); dust (WPah.); bha_si powdered tobacco leaves without molasses (Ku.); bha_s-bhus trifles (N.); bhasbhasi d.ar.a_unu to burn to ashes (N.); bha_s fine sand that falls in and chokes a well (Bi.); bha_sa ashes (Pkt.); bha_ (L.); bha~_s dust from husking (M.)(CDIAL 9425). bhassar dusty (P.) (CDIAL 9426). bhasa_r dirty, untidy (N.)(CDIAL 9427). Image: heat of sun: be_su to burn up, prepare by boiling, bake (Ka.); be_sage, be_sige hot season (Ka.); bisil, bisu, bisal heat and glare of the sun, sunshine; bisi, bisu, bisupu heat (Ka.); bisi heat, warmth esp. of sun; bisulu sunshine (Tu.); benge, benke, benki heat, fire (Ka.); be_, be_yu to be burnt up, be scorched by the sun's heat, etc. (Ka.); ve_ (ve_v-/ve_kuv-, vent-) to burn, be hot (as the weather), be scorched, be boiled, be refined (as gold)(Ta.); ve_vu burning, boiling (Ta.); be_nke; heat, sultriness (Tu.); ve~_d.imi heat, warmth (Te.); vey gal to cook (Kol.); ve_nd.i hot (Kol.); beru sun (Malt.); be_ge fire, heat, wild fire in jungles (Ka.); veyil heat of the sun (Ma.); ve_ka (vent-) to be hot, burn, seeth, boil, (heart) burns (Ma.); veyyo_n- sun (Ta.); ve_n-al heat, hot season, anger (Ta.); bijili sunlight (Kor.) beyipelu boiling, boiled (Tu.); vesni hot (Kond.a); vehini hot (Kuwi); ba_sing to become hot (Br.); bising to bake, cook (Br.)(DEDR 5517). ben:ga_d.u a jungle or uncultivated wild where the grass is scorched (Ka.); ben:ga_ru land that has not sufficient water for growing rice (Ka.H.)(Ka.lex.) Equinox: vis.uvant supreme (TS.); a day in the middle of the year, a one-day sacrifice (AitBr.); equinox (Ya_j.); vis.uva id. (MBh.); visuva equinox (Pali); bis'u_ the moment of the sun's reaching Aries, song sung by low-caste people in April (WPah.); bihu last day of A_s'vina, Paus.a, or Caitra observed as a festival, equinoctical festival (A.)(CDIAL 11982). ve_gu to be very anxious; ve_d.i heat (Te.); ve.ndi, ve_ndi hot (Kol.)(DEDR.5517). Image: to burn: vakku-tal to burn, singe; to roast (Periyapu. Kan.n.appa. 145); vakkurittal to scorch, burn (I_t.u, 9,9,2)(Ta.); cf. vaks. (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) vaks.an.am fire; vaks.i_ ved. 'a flame' (Skt.lex.) prakva_tha boiling (Skt.); pakkat.hita boiling (Pali)(CDIAL 8451). vyus. dawn (AV.); vyus.ita (S'a_n:khS'r.); jua_, ju_, zu_i, ze_i_, jo_i_ dawn, morning, tomorrow (Pas'.)(CDIAL 12219). vyus.ati burns (Dha_tup.); vyus.t.a brightened; vyus.t.i daybreak (RV.); wuhun go glow, smoulder (K.)(CDIAL 12220). akan.t.am perpetually burning lamp; circular lamp; akan.t.a-ti_pam lamp that burns perpetually, used in worship (Ta.lex.) {Echo word}: paka-pakav-en-al onom. expr. of crackling of fire; expr. signifying burning or smarting sensation of hunger (Ta.); bagn, bagbagn blazing with sudden flame (Ko.); baga, baga baga sound used to express suddenly blazing up, the crackling of flames, shining brightly, and also burning of the body; bagabagane, baggane with the sound of bagabaga (Ka.); bagabaga the crackling noise of conflagration (Tu.); bagguna suddenly (of burning or flaming); baggumanu to burn, flame, catch fire suddenly (Te.)(DEDR 3802). Image: to burn: vakku (vakki-) to burn, singe, roast; n. being singed or burnt, being roasted (Ta.); vakkuka to singe, burn slightly; van.n.uka to be singed (Ma.); varn:g- to be burnt, charred, scorched; caus. vars- to scorch, burn, brand; warsa_na_ to brand, blister; varsa_na_ to burn, brand; versa_na_ to blister (Go.)(DEDR 5207).

5766.Image: hunter: baheliya_ hunter, fowler, retained (esp. one armed with bow and arrow)(H.); vya_dha hunter (Mn.Pali); va_ha (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12199). cf. a_her.i_ hunter (S.)(CDIAL 1038). va_gurika deer-catcher (Skt.); hunter who uses nets (Pali); va_guri, va_guriya, va_uriya id. (Pkt.); va_gura member of a mixed caste (Skt.); bauri_a_ member of a low caste of thieves who uses nets for catching animals (P.); ba_uri member of a low caste usu. employed as litter-bearers (B.); a low caste (Or.); vagguria living by snaring birds and beasts (Pkt.); va_ghri_ id. (M.)(CDIAL 11470). ma_rgika hunter (Pa_n..)(CDIAL 10077). Badaga man: mayv Badaga man; fem. mayt; may pat.y Badaga village (Ko.); ma.f Badaga man; ma. mox Badaga boy (To.) (DEDR 4829). ma_kular, ma_kulavar hunters, savages (Ta.); ma_vuliga man who uses nets for catching deer, etc. (Ka.)(DEDR 4790). Net: valkka, vakkuka to catch fish; valayan a caste of hunters (Ma.); vala net, web (Ma.); valai net (Ta.); valaiyan- fisherman (Ta.); val net, box-trap for rats made of netting (Ko.); pal net (To.); bale (Ka.Kod..); net, web, snare (Tu.); vala net, snare (Te.); net (Ga.); valla (Ga.); olla id. (Go.); vala id. (Kond.a.Kuwi)(DEDR 5288). ma_ku a net (Ta.); ma_vuliga man who uses nets for catching deer, etc. (Ka.)(DEDR 4790). valaijan- fisherman (Maturaik. 256); valaika_ran- id. (Ta.); valaicce_ri fisherman's quarters; valaiyace_ri maritime tract; valaicci woman of the maritime tract; fisherwoman; valaiyappar-aiyan- a sect of Par-aiyas who live by netting birds ; valaiyan- inhabitant of maritime tract; fisherman; person of a caste which lives by netting fish, birds and beasts, one of 18 kut.i-makkal. (Ta.lex.) ma_l a kind of net (Ta.); a kind of net for carrying fruits, fishing, etc. (Ma.); ma_li a coir net (Ma.)(DEDR 4823). Image: trap for animals: va_gura_ net or trap for animals (MBh.); net (Pali); hunting-net (Pkt.); va_gura net (Pali); va_kara_- f., va_kara-, va_kura- hyper paliism BSBU 102); va_ura_- f. hunting-net (Pkt.); va~_var net for catching pig and deer (L.); ba~_ur, baur f. (P.); vaggura_ hunting-net (Pkt.); va_ghu_r, va_ghar, va_ghuri_, va_ghri_ net, snare (M.)(CDIAL 11469). va_her.o roost for birds, nest (S.); baseru inhabitant (OAw.); basera_ place for staying (H.)(CDIAL 11594). Image: net: cf. valkka to catch fish (Ma.)(DEDR 5288). vis'a spring-trap, snare for birds, lever (Ma.); bisa a spring, a catch; bisabisa quickness; bisi tension, elasticity (Te.); winja_na_, vi_nj to pull with a jerk (Go.); vi_ska_na_ to drag, pull (Go.)(DEDR 5450). vesa bowstring (Kui); vacca, vaca, wa_ca id. (Kuwi) (DEDR 5469). Image: to lay a trap: oggu to lay a trap, net, lay a wager (Te.); og- to set (fishtrap); vagga_na_, vakka_na_ to set snare (Go.); oga (ogi-) to trap, snare; n. act of trapping (Kui); u_r.u_ ogali to noose; og- (-it-) to set a trap (Kuwi)(DEDR 934). cf. u_ri a trap for birds (Kond.a); u_r.r.u_ (pl. u_r.ka) snare; urru hanging; uru, huru snare (Kuwi); urlu snare (Tu.)(DEDR 655). cf. To weave: Idg. *ueg to weave, as in velum sail (Latin); wecca (Anglo-saxon)= wick (English); waba (Ohg.) = wabe (Ger.) (Pali.lex.)

5767.Image: partridge: pakan.t.ai a kind of partridge; a bird (Ta.lex.) pakki < paks.in bird (Tiruppu. 319)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Image: pigeon: cf. poge green pigeon (Malt.)(DEDR 4454). bakbakur cry of a pigeon; huhar. a pigeon (Santali.lex.) Image: bird: pa_khru_m. bird (M.); paks.i (Skt.)(Bloch, p. 360). Image: bubble; boil: phakphak, phakphakao to puff, to bubble when boiling, an imitative word; pheke pheke, phokphok to bubble when boiling; phak phak sad.e kana it sounds puff, puff; phakphakaok kana jon.d.ra daka the Indian corn porridge is bubbling (producing the sound phakphak) (Santali. lex.) Wing; tail: pakkam tail; wing, feather (Paripa_. 21,31)(Ta.lex.) Image: wing: pa_khe_l wing (Kho.); paks.a wing, feather (RV.); pakkha wing (Pali.Pkt.); phak, pakh wing (Gypsy); paki_la feather (Gypsy); pach feather (Kal.); poc(h) feather (Kho.); phaca_li wing (Sh.); pakh wing; pakha fan (K.); pakhu feather; pakho fan (S.); pakkha_, pakha_ honeycomb; fan (L.); pakkhu_ bird (L.); pakkha_ fan (P.); pa_ wing (Ku.); pa_khi wing, fin, feather; pkhiya_iba to pluck off feathers or hair (A.); pa_kh(a_) wing, feather, fin (B.); pa_kha_ fan (B.); pakhi tail (Or.); pa_kh wing (M.); pa_k wing, feather (Konkan.i); pa_khu fan used in a flour mill; pa_kh wing or bird or butterfly (H.); pam.kha wing; pam.khud.i_, pam.khud.iya_ (Pkt.); phan:gh wing (P.); phan:g id. (WPah.); pa~_kh feather (Ku.); pa~_khur-o wing (of bird)(Ku.); pwa~_kh, po~kh wing, feather (N.); pa_n:kha_ fan (A.); pan:kha_ wing, fan (Or.Mth.); pa~_khi wing (Mth.); pa~_kh wing; pa~_khⁱ feather (Bhoj.); pa_m.khu wing, feather (OAw.); pa~_kh, pa~_khr.a_ wing; pan:kha_ fan (H.); pa_m.kha wing, feather (OMarw.); pa~_kh wing, pectoral fin (G.); pan:kho fan (G.)(CDIAL 7627). pakhaut.a_ wing (H.)(CDIAL 7630). paks.aput.a wing (Skt.)(CDIAL 7633). Image: bird: pakhru_ bird (P.); pokkhar, pekkhru_, pekhro~, pl. pekhru, pakhru_, pa_khru (WPah.); pa_khru~_ (M.); pa_k(h)ru~ birdlike (Konkan.i); pakhe_ru_ bird (L.); pan:kheru_ (P.); pakheru_ (OAw.); pakheru_, pakheruwa_ (H.); pa~kheru~ (G.); pa~kheru~_ (M.)(CDIAL 7637). paks.in winged; bird (RV.); paks.i (MBh.); pakkhin adj. (Pali); pakhi bird (As'.); pakkho, pakkhia, pakkhin.a, pam.khi, pam.khin.i_ (Pkt.); usum-wici_ bat (Pr.); phaci bird (Dm.); pas.in, pacin, pa_cin, paxi_n (Pas'.); phe_cin (Gaw.); pachi~ak sparrow (Kal.); pachin bird (Bshk.); pas'i_n (Tor.); phe_cina (Sv.); pachin, pachi, pachan. (K.); pakhi_ (S.); pakkhi_, pakhi_ (L.); pakkhi_, pan:khi_ (P.); pa_khi (B.); pakhi_ (Or.); pa_khi (Mth.); pa_m.khi_ bird; pa~_khi_ small winged insects (OAw.); pa~_khi_ bird, winged insect; pa~khi_ bird (H.); pan:khi_ bird; pan:khiyu~ winged (G.); pak bird (Si.)(CDIAL 7636). paks.i, pat.ci, pakki bird (Ta.); paks.i, pakki id. (Ma.); paky id. (Ko.); paks.i, pakki, hakki id. (Ka.); paks'i, pakki id. (Kod..); penis of immature boy (Kod..); pakki bird (Tu.); paks.i, pakki id. (Te.); paksiak male bird (Ko.); paksin female bird (Ko.); paks.i (tatsama from Skt.)(M.); paks.in bird (Skt.); pakkhin id. (Pali); pakkhi id. (DBIA 233b). Crane: bakula_, bag, bagula_, bagla_ crane (H.); bag (G.M..); baka white stork; the bird ardea nivea (Mn.); baka crane (Pali); baka, bakka, baga, baya, bagi_ (Pkt.); brag the blue heron ardea cinerea (K.); bagu, bago, bagulo crane (S.); bagla_ (P.); bakullo (N.); bag (A.); bak (B.); baga (Or.)(CDIAL 9115). Image: white stork, crane: vakka_ white stork, andrea nivea (Ta.); vanka_ a bird (Ta.); vakku crane (Te.)(DEDR 5206). Image: goose: vakkanga ruddy goose (Pali); vakanga loris or ceylon sloth (Si.); vakra_nga goose (Skt.)(CDIAL 11186). Image: forktailed shrike: bha~ga_, bhu~ga_ forktailed shrike (H.); bhr.n:ga fork-tailed shrike (Skt.); bhim.ga a sort of bird (Pkt.)(CDIAL 9578). han:ga the jay, the Indian roller or jay; the fork-tailed shrike (Ka.lex.) cf. -ma~_ga in: kukkat.ima~_ga fork-tailed shrike (Te.)(DEDR 1627). bala_ka_ crane (VS.); bala_ka (Gaut.); bala_kika_ a small kind of crane (Skt.); bala_ka_ crane (Pali); bala_ya_, balaya_, bala_haga_ (Pkt.); bala_ (Si.)(CDIAL 9168). ke_ya snipe or similar bird (Pa.); ke_ga magpie (Kui); ke_ya shrike bird (Kuwi)(DEDR 1994). majjika_ female of Indian crane (Skt.); manji_ duck (Pr.)(CDIAL 9713). phin:gaka forktailed shrike (Skt.); phin:ga_ id. (B.H.); phe~ga_ id. (H.)(CDIAL 9076).

5768.Image: fencing: pakat.am fencing (Ta.lex.). va_ku-yuttam fencing ?< ba_hu arm, shoulder (Skt.)(Ta.lex.)

5769.Image: male frog: pe_kam < bhe_ka frog; pe_kan- male of the frog; pe_ki female frog (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) be_ka-na_t.a acting like a frog, timid (RV. viii.66.10)(Vedic.lex.) bhe_ka a frog; bhe_ka-rava the croaking of frogs (Skt.lex.) bhe_ka frog (MaitrUp.); bhe_kat.a, bhe_kani kind of fish (Skt.); bhe_ka frog (Pali); bhe_ga (Pkt.); bheka_no frog (Ku.); beguto, bya_guto (N.); bhek, bhekuli_, bhe_kola_ (A.); bhekt.a_ a kind of fish (Or.)(CDIAL 9600). cf. vyan:ga speckled (AV.); freckles (Sus'r.); frog (Skt.); va~_g marks on skin (M.); beng the Devil (Gypsy); byan., ben. frog (N.); ben. (A.); bya_n., ben. (B.); ben:ga (Or.); be~, ben. (Mth.); ben. (Bhoj.); be~g (H.)(CDIAL 12159). cf. bet.ka frog; panna, pana (Kuwi); bharn.d.a_ bull-frog (Kur.); paran.t.u, poran.t.u bull-frog (Tu.); pande, pan.d.e frog, toad; biceps (Kol.); pande frog; muscle (Nk.); pand.ake frog (Ga.); panne_, panne, panga_l, pand.e id. (Go.); pan.a id. (Pe.); pana frog, toad (Kui)(DEDR 3955).

5770.Usurer: be_ka-na_t.a an usurer; kusi_din (Vedic)(Skt.lex.) pe_kan- a liberal chief, one of seven kat.ai-val.l.alkal. (Cir-upa_n.. 87)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

5771.Collected; mixture: bhekar. lump, mass (G.); bheg mixture (G.); bhegu~ collected, mixed together (G.)(CDIAL 9602). bhella_ lump (P.); bhela_ lump, clod (H.)(CDIAL 9618). vyatikara mixture (MBh.); vyatiki_rn.a scatterd in various directions (MBh.); vero difference, distinction (G.)(CDIAL 12161).

5772.Compulsory labour: be_ga_ri, be_ga_rya_ labourer (Konkan.i. lex.) be_ga_ri labour exacted by a government or a person in power without giving remuneration for it (Ka.); biga_ra (M.H.)(Ka.lex.) ve_kat.ai-ve_lai unsubstantial work; ve_ka_ri compulsory labour < be_ga_r (H.); ve_ka_vari good-for-nothing person; cf. be_ka_r (H.); ve_kat.ai-y-a_l. fop (Ta.lex.) cf. vegu fool (G.); beglo foolish (N.); begar without (N.B.); begara (Or.); begal. (M.)(CDIAL 11826). vekkasi an unbearable, frightful or disgusting person (Te.)(DEDR 5466). be_ku_p adj. < be_khu_ uneducated, foolish, stupid (C.G.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) pen:ku evil or corrupt practices (Te_va_. 111,10)(Ta.) (Ta.lex.) bhekuwa_ foolish, blunted, unlettered; bhekal, bheklo foolish, lazy, unreliable; bhekaluwa_ foolish (Ku.); bhekera_ blunt (A.); bhe~ko foolish, stupid (A.); bhi~_ga waste (S.); bhn:ga_ squinting (L.); bhe~ga_, bhen:ga_ (Ju.); bhen:gro (WPah.); bhya_n:ga ugliness (N.); bhen:gura_ crooked (A.); bhen:gur.a_ crippled (B.); bhen:ga_na to grimace (B.); bhe~ga_ squinting (H.)(CDIAL 9601). bher. idiot, foolish, rude (Ku.); bhera_ dull-headed; bheruwa_ dull, stupid, timid (A.)(CDIAL 9605). bhya_s, bhesar. foolish, rude, uncivilized (Ku.); bhe~hiya_iba to make faces (A.); bhesar.a_ ugly (Or.); bhesara_ ugly (Or.)(CDIAL 9619). bhedo corpulent (Or.)(CDIAL 9612). ben.a_ idiotic (A.); left-hand (B.); ben:ga fetid smell (Or.); be~ga_, be~gwa_ loose sandy sub-soil in which a clay well does not work (Bi.)(CDIAL 9307). cf. vyan:ga crippled (AV.); ba~_gar.u_ foolish (OH.); vyong^u lame (K.)(CDIAL 12158).

5773.Image: to lift the arm preparatory to a blow: ben-gre to lift the arm preparatory to a blow (Malt.); bi_xrna_ to make a gesture of commencing a certain action, being at the same time within convenient distance for performing it, take one's aim for (Kur.)(DEDR 5450). Image: outstretched hand: ben-gle to reach with outstretched hands (Malt.)(DEDR 5519). va_hvu~, va_vu~ to raise (a weapon); poss. also, with meaning 'sow` [if < 'throw` rather 'plough ready for sowing`](G.); wa_yun to wave (the arms)(K.); ba_hn.a_ to raise a weapon (P.); baihn.u_ id. (WPah.); to sow (WPah.)(CDIAL 12201). ve_v collection of seed grain (K.)(CDIAL 11281). vapati scatters, sows (RV.)(CDIAL 11282). wa_eni_, waeni_ sowing (Pas'.)(CDIAL 11523).

5774.Salt: be_k salt (Kur.); beku id.; bek-bkre to taste saltish (Malt.); be_ salt, piquancy, spirit, flavour (Br.)(DEDR 4428). hewer over-salted; hewer har.hat bitter, as some unripe fruits (Santali.lex.) beha_ stale, not fresh; beha_ tabeha_ stale, three days' stale; foot lying stale for three days; behi_ the sweetmeats placed before a wedding party at the bride's house after the marriage ceremony, generally after noon for two days continuously; behi_ tabehi_ food stale for three days; stale food; not fresh (P.lex.) behan. coriander seed (P.lex.) ve_sava_ra, ve_s.ava_ra a paricular condiment or kind of seasoning (consiting of coriander, mustard, pepper, ginger, spice etc.: u_t.ada parika_ra, i.e. codiment used for seasoning food)(Ka.lex.) cf. ve_sava_ra a partic. condiment (of coriander, ginger, mustard, pepper, spice etc.)(Sus'r.); besa_r turmeric (N.); beha_r mustard (A.)(CDIAL 12135). cf. ve_san.a cummin seed, pea-foour (Pkt.); vehan., behan. coriander seed (P.)(CDIAL 12133). me_haghni_ turmeric (Skt.lex.) mis'ih, mis.h anise; spikenard (Skt.lex.) nirbis spice like ginger (Santali.lex.) besaha to traffic, to sell, to dispose of; turi basahae sen akana he has gone to sell mustard seed (Santali.lex.) muhri, panmuhri anise seed (Santali.lex.) va_sita spiced (Skt.lex.) upaskara condiment (Skt.lex.) cf. vakkhar oilseeds in general (L.P.); bakkhar id. (P.)(CDIAL 2265). cf. wakhiri_ small things for merchandise (S.)(CDIAL 2264).

5775.Image: bamboo joint: ve_ykkan. bamboo joint (Na_mati_pa. 297)(Ta.lex.)

5776.Saw: had adj. with daru, bata, ar.kat.a, kant.a: sawn; to cut with a sawing motion, using any instrument at all: a saw, a knife, an axe etc., in contrast to ma and its diminutive sama to cut with a striking motion; to cut the throat; to castrate the animals by cutting; of running water, to eat away the ground on the side of the stream; had-en to cut oneself; ha-p-ad to thus cut each other (Mu.lex.)

5777.Image: fish: hai, haku a fish (of any kind); in specified names hai may stand as affix: cor.ahai, cod.ahaku, binhai, kar.akomhai (Mu.lex.) cf. kakka fish; kayal carp (Ta.)(DEDR 1252).

5778.Image: live coals: hangar-hangar, angar-angar a glowing fire of live coals without flames; to bring a fire to this stage of burning (Mu.); anga_r embers (H.)(Mu.lex.)

5779.Earth: hass soil, earth; made of earth; to mix earth into something (Mu.); khajj (Oraon); hasa-n to dirty with earth one's body or clothes; hasa-o to get mixed with earth; hasa-gar.a a grave; to bury; to dig a grave; hasa-pucu a kind of oath taken in the full and definitive sale of land (Mu.)(Mu.lex.)

5780.Image: goose: has, hasa the goose, anser domesticus (Mu.); ham.s (Skt.) (Mu.lex.)

5781.Phaseolus mungo: hende ramba_r.a, hende rambr.a, hende ramr.a phaseolus mungo, a very common pulse crop; hende blackness (Mu.lex.)

5782.Pulses: hor.e name given to two leguminous plants cultivated as pulses and distinguished in: rutahor.e (Mu.); kurthi (H.); the form of dolichos biflorus; caulihor.e; jugihor.e glycine hispida (Mu.); ram kurthi (H.); birhor.e, birjugihor.e one of the names of atylosia scarabaeoides (Mu.lex.)

5783.Image: neck: hot.o the neck of a man, animal, bottle, pitcher etc.; to fit something with a said kind of neck; hot.o-go to have or be made with a neck or a said kind of neck; ho-n-ot.o the excessive length of a neck; hot.okore, modhot.o up to the neck (deep or high); hot.o-lot.o a wry neck (Mu.lex.) A wry neck: heta a wry neck; heta heto a wry neck; with the name of a person, e.g. heta D.ond.a a person having the habit of turning the head sideways when looking at something or speaking with somebody; heta kar.aba a wry plough-handle; heta bo to turn the head; heta to turn the head aside or towards something; he-p-eta both to turn the head and look at each other; heta-o to be looked at by somebody who turns the head; heta-bar.a to turn the face right and left; heta-biur to look in all directions with a circular movement, wheeling round to complete the circle; heta kot.on of a jackal, to spoil the omens by turning its head and looking at people who go to consult the omens before a marriage; heta-nam to see somebody or something by turning the head; heta-ruar., heta-ru_r.a to look round; het.o-idi to go on moving or move away (Mu.lex.)

5784.Paddy for sowing: hita anything planted or sown for propagation; to reserve or use for propagation or breeding; hata-o id.; hita baba paddy reserved or used for sowing; hita iamam, hita-luman live silk-cocoons reserved or sold for breeding; hita-merom a he- or she-goat kept for breeding (Mu.lex.)

5786.Image: man: ho_ contraction of hor.o man; ho_ a member of the Ho branch of the Munda race; Mundas call themselves hor.oko or ho_ko men (Mu.lex.)

5787.Fertility: hoba, ho_ba, hobao the fertility of a field; to give everyone a share or portion; ho_ba to render fertile; hoba of a field, to give a good crop (Mu.lex.)

5788.Broken branch: hoca, honoca the place on a tree where a large branch or the top has been broken off; to wrench, or tear off a large branch or the top of a tree (Mu.); huckaek (Sadani); koc'a a piece broken off or cut away (Oraon)(Mu.lex.)

5789.Image: to comb hair: hodan, hodar to comb hair, using neither oil nor water so that some of the hair gets torn out; hodan-en to comb oneself thus; hodan-o to be combed thus (Mu.); khtna_ to scratch (H.)(Mu.lex.) cf. kutar-u to become loose, dishevelled (Ta.)(DEDR 1703).

5790.Parboiled rice: hond.e the point to be reached in parboiling paddy before husking it; hond.e baba parboiled rice; hond.e to parboil paddy to prepare it for quick and easy husking (Mu.); ondna_ (Oraon)(Mu.lex.)

5791.Image: hare: horalsi-kulae, ler.eakulae a smaller and paler kind of hare, in contrast to jar.akulae the taller and darker kind (Mu.lex.)

5792.Image: hump of a zebu: hocod, ucud the hump of a zebu or camel; hocod-o to get a hump (Mu.lex.) cf. kubja hump (Skt.lex.)

5793.Eleusine coracana: hud.in kode, indikode, t.eperkode the earliest variety of eleusine coracana, ripening at the end of August. Its seeds are red (Mu.lex.) cf.ke_r..-varaku eleusine coracana (Ta.lex.)

5794.Account: haki_katu account, statement; affairs, events, facts (Ka.M.H.); haki_katuna_me a written account of occurrence (Ka.M.H.)(Ka.lex.)

5795.Temporary job: han:ga_mi entertained for the season or occasion (as a public servant), temporary, for the time being (Ka.Te.); han:ga_mi_ (H.M.); han:ga_mi relating to the season; han:ga_mi-sibbandi a temporary establishment of clerks; han:ga_mu the season (as the products of the earth); the time at which anything or business is most abundant (Ka.); han:ga_ma (M.H.) (Ka.lex.) cf. ks.am earth (Skt.lex.)

5796.Image: tumult: han:ga_mu uproar, tumult, riot; an assault, a setting upon with clamour and vociferation and furious manifestations (Ka.); han:ga_ma_ (M.H.)(Ka.lex.)

5797.Border: haddu a limit, a border; the end or extremity of (Ka.); hadda (M.H.); haddubastu settlement or demarcation of boundaries (Ka.lex.)

5798.Tank irrigation: hayanu water: the crop that is raised by means of tank water of which the planting begins in January; hayanugadde lands for raising the hainu crop; hayanu batta the paddy of the hainu crop (Ka.lex.)

5799.Broad: hara_bi, ara_bi broad, large, extensive (Ka.H.); ara_bi (Ka.Tu.)(Ka.lex.)

5800.Ruined: hala_ku oppressed, overcome, spent through sickness, labour etc., ruined, destroyed, lost (Ka.Te.); ala_kku (Ta.); hala_ka (M.H.)(Ka.lex.)

5801.Image: portable fire-place: hasani a portable fire-place, a chafing dish (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.)

5802.Receipt: hujattu a government receipt (Ka.M.H.)(Ka.lex.)

5803.Wrangling: hujattu perverse wrangling, objecting; any such objection or difficulty made; any mean, unfounded, unreasonable pretence in endeavouring to shuffle off or decline (Ka.); hujata (M.H.)(Ka.lex.)

5804.An ear ornament: ba_vali, ba_voli an ornament worn by women at the tip of the ear (Tu.); ba_vili_ an ornament or jewel hanging from the ear, an ear-pendant; bavira a kind of ear ornament (Te.); ba_veli ear ornament (Kond.a): pa_vili a kind of ear ornament (Ta.); ba_vali, ba_vuli a kind of ornament of gold, pearls, precious stones, etc., worn on the tip of the ear; ba_li a kind of earring (Ka.)(DEDR 4105). Image: an ear ornament: pagra an ear ring worn in the lobe of the ear; makr.i an ear ring worn higher up in the ear (Santali.lex.) pokat.i, pukit.i, pu_t.i ear ornament worn by women on the top of the helix (Ta.); bugad.i, bugud.i ear ornament of females worn in the upper part of the ear (Ka.); bugud.i female's ornament worn in the tip of the ear (Tu.); bugad.a, bogad.a gold pin worn by women in the tip of the ear (Tu.); bugd.i_ ear ornament (M.)(DEDR 4237).

5805.Thorny babool tree: ba_uru acacia farnesiana (S.)(CDIAL 9199). {Safford, W.E., reports that in some parts of India the bark and the (brown) pods are used as a dye-stuff and for tanning: Useful Plants of Guam, Contrib. U.S.National Herb. 9 (1905)}. Acacia farnesiana: cassia flower; arimaedah (Skt.); vilayati kikar, gandbabul (H.); vilayati-babul (H.); guyababula (B.); gu-kikar (Deccan); jabbaval (G.); gu-baval (G.); kempu cumma or nugatumma (Te.); pikkaruvil, pavalam (Ta.); karijali (Ka.); kariveelum, pitumma pivelum, pikharu-vil (Ma.); kusri-jhad (Konkan.i); guibabhul (M.); kuebaval (S.); habitat: it is found everywhere in India and is well known for its bright yellow flowers; parts used: bark, leaves, gum, pods and flowers; constituents: the oil of cassia flowers contains benzaldehyde; salicylic acid, methyl-salicylate, benzyl-alcohol analdehyde and essential oil; flowers (pods) yield a most delicious perfume (balsamic liquid); action: astringent, demulcent and alterative; bark is astringent; flowers are stimulating. The delicious perfume yielded by the pods is alterative; preparations: decoction, mucilage and oil... A gum exudes from the bark of the tree which is a good substitute for gum arabic, but yields a glutinous fluid on treatment with water. (Nadkarni, Indian Materia Medica, Vol. I, pp.34-35). ve_l babul tree (Ta.); ve_la-maram an acacia, babul tree [acacia arabica = mimosa arabica](DEDR 5537). Synonym: tumma babool tree, acacia arabica (Te.); tumba_ id. (Kol.); tumba maran, tumba id. (Ga.); tumma id. (Go.)(DEDR 3335). ca_li umbrella thorn babul, acacia planifrons; elephant thorn, a. tomentosa (Ta.); ja_li thorny babool tree, a. arabica = a. farnesiana (Ka.); ja_li, ja_la a. arabica (branches are cut and used for fencing)(Te.)(DEDR 2474). cf. ca_likan-, ca_liyan- a caste of weavers (Ta.); ta_lye weaver; spider (Tu.)(DEDR 2475). za_l^ar net-maker; zalur^u spider (K.)(CDIAL 5214). ja_li_ fisherman, sorcerer (B.)(CDIAL 5217). cf. bi-zal spider (Dm.); vayyar.a_ the weaver bird (P.)(CDIAL 11298). ja_lika_ veil (S'a_n:khGr..); net (Skt.); za_li_ silkworm cocoon (A.); ja_li network (B.); ja_ru~ cobweb (G.); bizal spider (Dm.); jal net (WPah.)(CDIAL 5213). jha_la_ cobweb (Bhoj.)(CDIAL 5219). Acacia arabica: Indian gum arabic tree, babul tree (Eng.); vabboola, vabbula, barbara (Skt.); kare-mugilan (Pers.); kitkar (H.); babul, kala-babli (M.); babhula (S.); bala, kikar (H.B.P.); kalikikar (Deccan); kaloabaval, baval (G.); nallatumma, barbaramu, tuma (Te.); karuvael, karuvelum (Ta.); karijali, jali, bauni (Ka.); karuvelum, babola (Ma.); shameeruku (Konkan.i); sak (P.K.); ammughilam, ummughilam (A.); akakia (extract)(Pers.Arab.); habitat: common all over India in dry and sandy localities; plentiful in western Peninsula, the Deccan and coromandal coast; Uses: Gum is an efficient substitute for true gum acacia (Nadkarni, Indian Materia Medica, Vol.I, pp. 9-10). Acacia catechu, acacia wallichiana, acacia polyacantha: khadira (extract) (Skt.M.Ka.); catechu (English); khair, katha, kottha fooflee sooparee (dye)(H.); khair, khayer (M.B.); khaira, khaderi (M.); khair (Gwalior); kher, kath-khar (G.Deccan); podalimanu, poogamu, kachu (dye); kaviri-sandra (Te.); voadalam, karangalli, kasku-kutta, wothalay, kasha-katti (dye)(Ta.); khadiram (Ma.); kathu (Konkan.i); kachu (dye)(Ka.); khaiyar (Santal); khoira (A.); khoiru (Or.); ratkihiri (S.); sha (Burmese); habitat: common in forests of India and Burma; lighter variety of catechu is an imported one from Malaya and Singapore and is derived from uncaria gambier; dye extracted from the inner wood is a brittle compact substance of chocolate colour containing much tannin and an acid called catechuic acid, it has a stringent taste... catechu is a resinous extract prepared from the wood by boiling it in water and inspissating the decoction; Uses: catechu is used in India as an ingredient of the packet of betel leaves chewed by the people...kath-bol is a mixture of catechu and myrrh given to women after confinement, as a tonic and to promote secretion of milk... (Nadkarni, Indian Materia Medica, pp. 11-13). Gambir: ve_n:kai East Indian kino tree, pterocarpus marsupium (Ta.)(DEDR 5520). pterocarpus marsupium has tannin which is comparable to the tannin of uncaria gambir (pop.names: gambir, gambier, pale catechu); gambir is widely used as a tanning material; the aqueous extract is prepared from the leaves and twigs. Gambir is also used as a mordant in dyeing. In Malaya, gambir is used for chewing with the betel leaf; some believe it causes the reddening of the mouths of betel chewers. [cf. Duke, James A., Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Boca Raton, Florida, 1985, p. 498)].

5806.Hamlet: t.ola a hamlet, i.e. a small group of houses within the boundaries of a village or a town (Mu.); t.ola (Sadani); t.oli (Sadani)(Mu.lex.)

5961.One-fourth: ha_ga, pa_ga, ha_gu one an.e two ka_sus; one-fourth; ha_go vi_sa a ha_ga and a vi_sa, i.e. 1 an.e 5 1/2 ka_sus (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

5992.To attack, kill: pa_g to kill (Mand..); to strike, kill (Pe.); pa_y- (-it-), pai_nai to strike, kill; paiyali to hit, kill; pay- (-it-) to beat, kill (Kuwi); pa_y-, pa_ya_na_, pa_na_, pai_na_ to beat, strike; pa_-/pa_y- id., shoot; pe_hc- to strike, play on a drum, clap (hands)(Go.); pa_k-/pa_g- to beat, shoot (Nk.); ha_kuni to beat, strike (Tu.); pa_y to butt, gore, knock against (Ka.)(DEDR 4044). Image: to wrestle with; to spring, leap: pa_ga attack, pounce upon, swoop down on, fight; to wrestle with, spring at; n. attack, fight (Kui); pa_ska pl.action to fly, leap (Kui); pa_ycal, pa_ccal bounding, jump, butting, piercing (Ta.); pa_yttul. spring, leap (Ta.); pa_nja (pa_nji-) to fly, leap (Kui); pa_y to spring, leap; rush against (Ta.); to jump over, step over, cross, jump, leap, leap against, assault (Ka.); pa_vu to leap or jump over (Ta.); pa_yuka to run against (as bulls), leap, rush out, flee (Ma.); pa_ccal running, leap, assault (Ma.); pa.y- (pa.yuv-, pa.j-) to dash into; pa.yp, pa.yv dashing (Kod..); pa_nja (pa_nji-) to fly, leap; n. act of flying, flight (Kui)(DEDR 4087). pinja (pinji-) to rebound, leap; n. a leap (Kui); pl. action piska (piski-); pispa (pist-) to cause to rebound (Kui); pinj- (-it-) to spring, jump; pl.action pisk- (-it-); pinj- to spring (Kuwi)(DEDR 4145A).

5807.To be beaten(of metal): pahat.t.ha struck, beaten (of metal); suvan.n.a-pahat.t.ha (pp. of pahansati to strike, beat, beat a metal, rub, sharpen a cutting instrument as knife, hatchet, razor etc.); pahansita struck, beaten of metal, refined; paharan.a, paharan.aka striking, beating; paharati to strike, hit, beat; paha_ra a blow, stroke; paha_rin striking, assaulting (Pali.lex.) praharati thrusts forward, offers (RV.); strikes (AV.); throws out (S'a_n:khS'r.); prahr.ta thrown (AV.); struck (MBh.); paharati strikes (Pali); praharidavo (NiDoc.); paharai (Pkt.); pahariba_, paha~riba_, pahu~riba_ to sweep clean (Or.); paharanava_ to strike (Si.); pa_ranava_ to hurt (of a wound)(Si.); pahara_pe_ti causes to be struck (Pali); pa_ravanava_ to squeeze or hit against a boil (Si.); paharavaya (OSi.); pahat.a struck (Pali); pahaya struck (Pkt.); pahia churned (Pkt.); pahal.a, pa_l.a struck (Si.)(CDIAL 8902). praha_ra blow (Mn.); paha_ra blow, wound (Pali.Pkt.); pro_r wound (Kt.); pa_r, pa_re wounded (Pr.); praa_ru, praa_l wound (Dm.); laha_r, plo_or, s.awo_r (Pas'.); paha_r internal wound (L.); pa_ha_ra blow, beating, pestle of rice-pounding machine; pa_hura_iba_ to pound with a pestle (Or.); paharuwa_ pestle of husking machine (Bi.); pahara, pa_ra blow (Si.); fa_ru wound (Md.)(CDIAL 8906). cf. ha_re_i destroys, is defeated (Pkt.); ha_ran.u to lose, be defeated (S.)(CDIAL 14061). haran. forcible seizure (G.M.); haran.a removing (Kaus'.)(CDIAL 13979).

5808.Image: mortar: va_han., va_yan., va_i_n. stone mortar fixed in the ground (M.); avagha_ta threshing corn in a mortar (Skt.)(CDIAL 754). avagha_ta blow, threshing corn (Skt.)(CDIAL 753). avagha_tayati causes to thresh (S'Br.); avahanti threshes (RV.); ogha_vvu~ to thresh (corn etc.)(G.)(CDIAL 755). cf. ukhal. mortar (M.)(CDIAL 2360).

5809.Yearly payment: pakra yearly payment in kind (Santali.lex.)

5810.Bark used for ropes: valkala (Skt.) antiaris toxicaria, a very tall tree reaching 75 m. in height. Synonyms: karwat (Konkan.i); riti (Si.); bhoonromari (Or.); ali, arandali, iraici, maravuri, nettavil, pattai (Ta.); billupale (Tu.); ajjanpatte, ajanapatte, aranyapatte, bairi, jajhugri, jajjuri (Ka.)(Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol.III, p. 2335). Antiaris toxicaria = ipo toxicaria: ipoh (Malaya); upas (Java); ipo (Tagalog. Bisayan/ Philippines) trema orientalis = celtis orientalis. The plant is an evergreen tree. The fruit is a small fig, purple scarlet or crimson. Watt, G., A dictionary of economic products of India, Calcutta, vols.1-6, 1885-1893; vol.1, p.266: from the bark of this tree fibre is obtained which is made into cloth, and is useful for cordage, matting and sacking. (Quisumbing, E., Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, 1978, p.225). cf. e_pi shorea robusta (Ka.)(DEDR 896). Antiaris toxicaria = antiaris innoxia = antiaris saccidora: chandla (M.); karvat (M.); valkala (Skt.); nettavil (Ta.Ma.); riti (Si.); hmyaseik (Burmese); sap: arrow poison; seeds: febrifuge, in dysentery; habitat: evergreen forests of the W. Ghats from Konkan southwards to Travancore, upto 2,000 ft. (GIMP, p.21).

5811.Image: climber; used for ropes: pa_kal balsam-pear, climber, momordica charantia (Tiruva_ru_. 421); pa_val id. (Ma.); ha_gal, ha_gala id. (Ka.)(Ta.lex. DEDR 4045). Image: creeper: pa_hur a creeper having large leaves used for plates; pa_ur, paur, paurjap bauhinia vahlii, siya_ri (Go.); pa'eri mra_nu sp. of wild tree, bauhinia racemosa (Kond.a); pahur camel's foot creeper, bauhinia vahlii (Go.); peyar mar siya_r tree (Pe.); paeri a climbing plant of which the leaves are used for making cups and runners and tendrils for ropes (Kui); pa'eri do_ri rope (creeper fibre); pa'eri d.o_ri rope made from bush vine; pa'eri, pa_e_r ma_r.a_ siyari_ tree (Kuwi)(DEDR 3801). cf. pa_viri creeping purslane, portulaca quadrifida (Ta.); pa_vila-ku_ra, pa_vili-ku_ra portulaca meridiana (Te.)(DEDR 4104). paciri creeping purslane, portulaca quadrifida (Upate_caka_. Civatturo_ka. 501); paciyam < pa_s'ya rope (Ta.lex.) pavan. creeper (Pur-ana_. 109, Urai. Pi. m..)(Ta.lex.) {Synonyms for bauhinia vahlii: mahalan, maul, sihar (Central Provinces); malu (Garhwal); paur (Gond.); malghan, maljan, maljhan, mahul, malo, malu, maulein, maurain (Hindi_); maulan (Kharwar); pairmal (Khond); mottanvalli (Ma.); maljan (M.); mantarai (Ta.); madapu, mudupu (Te.); shiali, shioli, siyali (Or.); cf. Indian Medicinal Plants, vol.II, p.897).} maro_j fibre for rope; moros, mar.os rope prepared from fibre of paur tree; morosm, moras, moroli rope; maronj bark (Go.); murar-ci a cord (Ta.); mra_su rope made from hide (Kui); marcu rope attaching bullock to plough (Kuwi)(DEDR 4976). Cord; bark: murar-ci a cord (Ta.); muraje rope made of straw (Tu.); mar.o_nj strip of bark (Go.); maro_j fibre for rope (Go.); morolik rope (Go.); mo_ru_m bark used for tying a bundle (Go.)(DEDR 4976). Stout rope: hor(a)ji a stout and long rope used in drawing an idol-car (Ka.); horaje cord put round the neck of an elephant (Ka.); puracai, puro_cai halter or head-stall of an elephant (Ta.)(DEDR 4284). Rope: rajju cord, rope (RV.); rope (Pali); raju (NiDoc.); rajju, lajju (Pkt.); rajuk (Kal.); ra_j, ra_z (Phal.); raz rope (Sh.K.); rajot.i thick string (Sh.); raju_r.i_ rope (WPah.); rajet.t.o~ (WPah.); lezu (A.); laja rope (S.); lajj, lajju well-rope (P.); lejur. pad on woman's head for waterpot (Bi.); lajuri_ well-rope (Bhoj.); lej, lejur rope (Bhoj.); lej, lejur rope (H.); rajju (Konkan:k); rodda, rodu string, cord (Si.)(CDIAL 10582). restis rope (Latin); re~zgis wicker, basket (Lithuanian); rajju a cord, line, rope; fisherman's line; rajju-ka_ra rope-maker; rajju-ga_haka rope-holder; (king's) land-surveyor; rajjuka a rope, line (Pali.lex.)

5812.Cordia myxa; used for ropes: bahuva_ra the tree cordia myxa (Bhpr.); bahuva_raka (Skt.Pali); baha_l.u, ba_ha_lu, boa_l.u, bhua~_ra, bhua~_l.a (Or.); bahu_a_r its fruit (H.); bhokar, bho~kar the tree; its fruit (M.); bhokri_, bho~kri_ the tree (M.)(CDIAL 9197). nar-uvili, nar-ul.i sebesten plum, cordia myxa (Ta.); nar-uvari id. (Ma.); nakkera id. (Te.)(CDIAL 3627). cf. viriyan- common sebesten (Ta.); viracu, viricu, virucu large sebesten; viris'u a tree (Ma.); virigi cordia sebestena (Te.)(DEDR 5408).[cf. Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, p.770: ... cordia myxa... occurs in India to southern China and Formosa, and through Malaya to tropical Australia and Polynesia... in the Philippines rope is made from the bast.] Bark, elephant rope : vakku-na_r woolly ordure tree, sterculia villosa; elephant rope tree (Ta.); vakka id. (Ma.); bakka id. (Ka.); bakku id.(Tu.)(DEDR 5209).

5813.Image: to leap: valgati springs, leaps (VS.); vaggati leaps (Pali); vaggai (Pkt.)(CDIAL 11419). ve_l- to fly, jump; ve_lpip- (ve_lpit-) to make to fly, teach to fly (Pa.); va_l- to fly, jump, cross over (Ga.); v(r)a_lu to light or perch (Te.); va_luvike perching (Ka.)(DEDR 5368). Image: leap: va_val jumping over; dance; va_vutal to jump over, gallop, leap (Kampara_. Pan~cace_. 63) (Ta.lex.) Image: to jump about: va_kudn.e~ to jump about, frisk, frolic (M.)(CDIAL 12185). cf. kuti to jump (Ta.lex.) Image: to leap: ukal.u to leap, bound, frisk, gambol, jump over, run about; ukal.i to leap, jump, delight, exult; ukalu to billow, rise and roll in large waves; ukai to rise, leap, jump up (Ta.); uvakka to jump up; ukkuka to leap, rebound (Ma.); uka to ascend, rise stately, soar upward (Ta.); ukappu, uvappu height, elevation (Ta.); oge to come forth, arise, be born (Ka.); un:kincu to spring, jump (Te.)(DEDR 559). udaga_t has risen (of sun)(RV.); ugge_i, uggai rises (Pkt.); uga_t he went away (Tor.); uggn.a_ to spring up, grow (P.); ugan.u to spring up, shoot up (S.); uga_na to spring up (B.); ugeiba_ (Or.); u_gab to rise, appear (Mth.); u_gai rises, appears (OMarw.); ugvu~ to rise, come out (as the fruit of), grow (G.); uga_un.a_ to cause to spring up (P.); uga_na_ (H.)(CDIAL 1954). oka_lu ascent; kwa_l.e (WPah.); uka_lo uphill slope; uka_w (Ku.); uka_lo (N.); uka_l. rise (G.); uka_l.a_ ebullition (M.); oka_la_, okala_ food spat out (A. infl. by oka_liba); o~_karai, u~_karai upwards, high (Ash.); uker steep (Kt.)(CDIAL 1720). ukaran.u, ukiran.u to go out, descend (S.); ukaln.o to rise (Ku.); uklanu to ascend (N.); ukaliba to be in excess of a certain number in counting (A.); ukal.vu~ to boil (G.); ukal.n.e~ (M.); ukalna_ to boil over (H.); uka_ran.u to take down, make descend (S.); uka_ln.o to raise (Ku.); uka_lnu (N.); uka_lna_ to boil (water, etc.)(H.); uka_l.vu~ to cause to boil, make ready, finish (G.); ukal.n.e~ to boil (M.); ukal.ta_ lifts (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 1716). uccarati rises (RV.); uccarai goes over or out (Pkt.); ucaral to go, fly (Bhoj.); ucarna_ to rise (of boils, etc.)(H.)(CDIAL 1641). uccalati springs up (BhP.); uccallai goes (Pkt.); ucalvu~ to rise; caus. ucla_vvu~ (G.); ucaln.e~ to rise, shoot up (M.); ucca_le_ti raises (Pali); ucca_le_i throws up (Pkt.); uca_ln.a_ to arouse, excite (P.); uca_lnu to raise, lift (N.); uca_l.vu~ to help in lifting (G.); ucaln.e~ to raise (M.)(CDIAL 1642). ucca_ra rising (TS.); usa_l act of rising (A.)(CDIAL 1644).

5814.To estimate; brand, mark: paka_r value of a crop fixed by an appraiser (Ta. < baka_r (U.)(Ta.lex.) pa_kku estimate, estimate of the crop < ba_k (U.)(Ta.lex.) an:ke_ti marks, brands (Pa.); an:kayati id. (MBh.); an:gn.a_ to examine, estimate (P.); a~_kn.o to mark, estimate (Ku.); a~_ka_ to mark, draw (B.); a~_kna_ to mark, appraise (H.); a~_kvu~ (G.); a~_khn.e~, a~_kn.e~, a~kn.e~ to mark, trace (M.); a_n:kiba_ to brand (Or.)(CDIAL 104). an:kana marking (Nir.); branding (Mit.com.); am.kan.a marking, branding (Pkt.); a~_kan. estimate, opinion (Ku.); a~_kn.u~ carpenter's tool for marking (G.)(CDIAL 102). Counting; marking: aka mark (Si.); an:ka curved line, mark, sign (R.); mark, brand (Pali); o~_kh mark (K.); a~_k mark, spot (H.); digit (Ku.Aw.G.Konkan.i); mark, sign (M.); an:gu numerical figure, mark (S.); an:g (L.P.); a~_ko notch (G.)(CDIAL 100). akkam a numerical figure (?Ma. ?< eka (Skt.); ekm (obl.ekt-) counting, taking account of something; ekat. (ekac-) to count (kat..- to tie); eku.t. (eku.c-) to count (ku.t.- to make to join, gather); ekmu.r. (ek.muc-) to count (Ko.); okm (obl.okt-) arithmetic, account, figures (To.); ekkam the unit of numeration, first place in ciphering (Tu.); ekkamu a unit, the place of units, a multiplication table (Te.)(DEDR 769). an:kita marked, branded (Pali); am.kia (Pkt.); a~ki_ numbered, marked (M.)(CDIAL 106). a~ka_r mark, spot (H.); a~ga_ran.u to sketch out before engraving or painting (S.)(CDIAL 101). kan.akku account, calculation, arithmetic, account book, manner, way (Ta.); account, computation, manner, way (Ma.); kan.akkan- accountant (Ta.); kan.akkan id. (Ma.); kan:k calculation, records (government), historical account (Ko.); kon:k calculation, arithmetic (To.)(DBIA 69). [kan. + akkam = counting on the (12) joints of the fingers; cf. gana-kay wrist (Go.); kan.u-k-kai (Ta.); kan.u knuckle (Ta.)(DEDR 1160)]. gan.aka astrologer (VS.); gan.aya, gan.iya id. (Pkt.); gan.i~_u (G.)(CDIA 3989). gan.ana counting (Pa_n..As'.Si.); gan.ana_ (MBh.Pali); gan.an.a (Pkt.)(CDIAL 3992). gan.ayati counts (MBh.); gan.e_ti counts, takes notice of (Pali); gan.i_yati is counted (As'.); gan.e_i, gan.ai counts (Pkt.); gan. to count, read (Ash.Wg.Pas'.); gan.an. (L.); gan.n.o~_ (WPah.); gan.n.o (K.); gan.an.u (S.); gan.iba (A.); gan.a_ (B.); gan.iba_ (Or.); gannu (N.); ganab (Mth.Aw.); ganal (Bhoj.); gan.vu~ (G.); gan.vu~ (G.); gan.n.e~ (M.); gan.inava_ (Si.); gen, gin (Gy.); gi~r (Bashg.); gin.an. (L.); gin.n.a_ (P.); ginab (Bi.); ginna_ (H.)(CDIAL 3993). gan.ita counted (MBh.); gan.iya (Pkt.); gin.uva_ (OSi.)(CDIAL 3996). ganna counting (Pkt.); ga_n~u (S.)(CDIAL 4120). grand counting (K.); ganti (N.); ganti_ (H.)(CDIAL 4234).

5815.Image: linchpin; wedge to tighten spokes: *pratyara beside the spoke; paccar wedge (P.); wedge driven through segment of felly to tighten spokes (Bi.); pa_car wedge to tighten a post etc. (M.); paccar. wedge to tighten spokes; pacci_ id. (Bi.); paccar. linch-pin (r. may be hyperhindiism for r)(Mth.); pha_car wedge; pha_cru~ flat (G.)(CDIAL 8641). cf. pasar. side (Kol.Pa.)(DEDR 3823). cf. paka a piece of stick or twig or bamboo used as a pin (Kui)(DEDR 3808). cf. pa_cam eye of a needle (Ta.); pa.c id. (Ko.)(DEDR 4055). Image: a small bit: pakku-vit.u-tal < paku + vit.u- to be split, cracked as the ground (Kur-al., 1068); to break as the skin from a blow of a rattan (W.); pakken-al onom. expr. of (a) bursting as with sudden laughter; (b) splitting, cracking; (c) throbbing through fear or surprise;(d) being sudden (Ta.lex.) cf. pakkit.u-tal to part, crack, split (Ta.lex.) pakavu slice, share (Ta.); pakat.u a small bit (Ma.); pati.r to divide (?Ko.); pakir (-v-,-nt-) to divide into shares, distribute, break, split; separate; n. share, section, piece (Ta.); pakuppu division, classification (Ta.); Sharing; to give alms: pa_kit.utal to give alms; pa_ki_t.u share, portion, allotment; pa_ku share, portion, lot, division; alms (Te_va_. 54,4)(Ta.lex.) pa_ttu dividing, sharing, share, half (Ta.); pa_tti division, section, part, share (Ta.); pa_tu division, share (Ta.); pa_ to divide, distribute (Ta.); pagadi tribute, tax (Ka.Tu.); pagidi tribute (Te.); pagi, pagtelu rent, split (Tu.); pa_ngu share, proportion (Tu.); papp split bamboo sticks (Pa...); pan, pah, pa to split (Go.); pay to be split (Go.); pag- (pakt-) to split (Pe.); panga to be cracked, split, divided (Kui); paka a piece of stick or twig or bamboo used as a pin (Kui)(DEDR 3808). paku to be divided, cut into pieces, tear off, root out; pakal dividing; pakai disagree-ment, hatred, enmity; pan:kam portion, division (Ta.); pakuti division, share (Ma.); pagiyuni to split, rend, fall in pieces (Tu.); pa_n:gu share, proportion (Tu.); pagulu to break, crack (Te.); pay to break (Nk.); pa_n:gal.a portion, share (Tu.); pax to be divided (To.); paxy division (To.); pak split bamboo (Go.); pak to split (Mand.a); pakme a division of the house (Malt.); pagi, pagtelu rent, split (Tu.)(DEDR 3808).

5816.Herdsman: va_gi_, ba_ggi_ herdsman (P.)(CDIAL 11563). Class, group: varga class, group (Ka_tyS'r.); vagga company, collection (Pali.Pkt.); vagra, vaga class (of people)(As'.); vagu herd (of cattle or camels)(S.); vagg, vag herd, flock (of sheep, cattle, camels)(L.); vag flock, herd (of camels)(L.); vagg, bagg herd (of cattle)(P.); ba_g side, direction (B.); ba_ga side, direction, path, method, skill (Or.); ba_g flock of about 100 sheep or goats (Bi.); va_gh herd (G.); vaga sort, class, affair (Si.); ba_gur.o herd (of buffalos), group, crowd (Ku.)(CDIAL 11331). baga_l flock, herd, crowd (N.)(CDIAL 11332). Party, group: cf. bala_gamu retinue, party, the circle of friends and relatives or kinsmen (Te.)(DEDR 5308). va_ra crowd (Skt.); crowd, troop (Pkt.); varin inst. vara loc. clan, tribe (OSi.); pl. suffix -var, -val (Si. < Ta.)(CDIAL 11548).

5817.Image: buffalo-bull: ba_gi_ buffalo-bull, he-goat (Ku.)(CDIAL 11563). ba_gur.o herd (of buffalos), group, crowd (Ku.)(CDIAL 11331). pakat.u buffalo bull (Tol. Po. 76, Urai.); vakira_ buffalo (Can.. Aka.) (Ta.) (Ta.lex.) Image: he-buffalo: makit.am < mahis.a he-buffalo (Tiva_.); makit.a-marttan-i Durga_ (Can.. Aka.); makit.a-va_kan-i Durga_ as riding on a buffalo (Ku_rmapu. Tiru. 23); makit.an- buffalo-faced Asura, slain by Durga_ (Te_va_. 147,7)(Ta.lex.) mahis.a a male buffalo (Skt.Ka.)(Ka.lex.) ko_n.a (Ka.lex.) maha a buffalo (Skt.lex.) Buffalo: majjh, majh, majh buffalo (L.); majha buffalo (S.); majjh (P.); ma_hila buffalo herdsman (Pkt.); bhai~_ f. (Bi.)(CDIAL 9980). ma_hyo, ma_ho of a buffalo (S.); ma_hyar.u seller of milk and butter (S.); ma_hi~_ herd of buffalo cows (L.); ma_hi_ buffalo herdsman (P.); bha~ysa_ buffalo milk (B.); bhai~sa_, mai~sua_ produced from a buffalo (G.)(CDIAL 10113). ma_hio coming from buffaloes (milk, ghee, etc.)(CDIAL 10114). ma~_jho coming from buffaloes (milk, ghee, etc.)(S.); ma_jha_ (L.P.); ma_hila buffalo herdsman (Pkt.)(CDIAL 10116). mai aries of the zodiac; cf. me_s.a; sheep, goat; maiyu_n- mocitta vokkalot.u : Pur-ana_. 96)(Ta.lex.) mahis.a buffalo; great, powerful (RV.); mahis.o_ mr.ga_n.a_m the great one of the beasts: 'buffalo' (SKt.); mahis.i_ buffalo cow (RV.); mahisa, mahim.sa, mahi_sa (Pali); mahisa, mahisi_ (Pkt.);maes.o_ (Pas'.); mai_s.e (Wot..); mai_s. (Sv.Gaw.); mes.-ga_ (Gmb.); ga-mes. (Kho.); me_zh (Tor.); mhe_sh (Mai.); maiyus., me_s. (Sh.); mu~_s'^u, mai~s', mu~_s', mu~_s'ⁱ, mai~ (K.); me~hi (S.); me~h (L.); maiha~_, mahi~_, mai~h, maihi~ (P.); bhe~_i~s (P.); bhai~_, bhei~, mai~h, mhai, bahe~s', mahis', mhai~s' (WPah.); bhai~so, bhiso, bhe~_s' (Ku.); bhai~si (N.); maih (A.); mai~sa (Or.); bhai~sa (Or.); bhai~sa_ (Bi.); bhai~s (B.Mth.Bi.Bhoj.H.); mhai~s (H.); bhe~s', bhe~sar (G.); mahi_s, mhaisa_, mhas'a_, mhais f. big ugly buffalo bull (M.); mivan (OSi.); mi_va_, mi_ma_, miyu-, mivu-, mi_- (Si.); maihika_ buffalo (H.); mahisikka herd of buffaloes (Pkt.)(CDIAL 9964). To graze: me_y-tal to graze, feed, prey on as beasts or birds; to gnaw as white ants (Kur-al., 273; Tiv. Tiruva_y. 6,1,1)(Ta.); me_yu (Te.Ka.); me_yga (Ma.); mecelu (Tu.); me_yttal to graze; to feed (Tiruman. 2883); me_yal grazing (Ain:kur-u. 217); pasture, herbage for cattle to eat (Akana_. 14); me_yppan- herdsman, shepherd, grazier (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) me_p to go, move (Skt.lex.) mayyar herdsman (L.)(CDIAL 9966). mahia great (Pkt.); mahi_yas greater, very great (S'vetUp.); mahi_a_m. gen. pl. superior (OG.)(CDIAL 9976). mahis.t.ha greatest (BhP.); maic. buffalo (Bshk.)(CDIAL 9973). meha_go herd of buffaloes (S.); miha_g (L.)(CDIAL 9971). mahiru_, maihru_ buffalo (P.); mihru_ pertaining to buffaloes (P.); mhaisru~_, mhasru~_ buffalo (bull or cow)(M.)(CDIAL 9970). meha~_ru buffalo-herdsman (S.); mahis.apa_la id. (Skt.); mei~hva_l, mivha_l (L.); bhai~swa_r (N.); maiha_l (A.); mai~_sia_l.a (Or.)(CDIAL 9969). maiha~_n buffalo-owner (A.)(CDIAL 9968). meha_ra_ grazing-ground for buffaloes, place in jungle where buffaloes are tethered (P.)(CDIAL 9967). mai buffalo (vaikupular vit.iyin- maipulam parappa : Akana_. 41)(Ta.lex.) mahisa, mahi_sa, mahinsa (Vedic mahis.a, an enlarged form of maha_ + i_s', because of mahi_sa > mahinsa] a buffalo; mahisa-yuddha buffalo-fight; mahinsaka-man.d.ala the Andhra country; cf. mahinsaka-rat.t.ha (Pali.lex.) mangu buffalo (Malt.); manxa_ male buffalo (Kur.); mar..a youth, infancy (Ta.); man.aka, mal.aka young cow or buffalo (fit for breeding)(DEDR 4747).

5818.Jalap: pakan-r-ai Indian jalap (a purgative root)(Ta.); pakunna a purgative root (Ma.)(DEDR 3807).

5819.Image: six presiding female deities: vahula_ the six presiding female deities of the Pleiades (Skt.); va_kulai id. (Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

5820.Image: a large eye: bagal.a_, bagal.e, vagal.a_ a large eye (Ka.); bagal.a_-de_vi one of the s'akti deities by means of which one may shut the mouth of an opponent etc. (Ka.); bakala_, bagal.a_, vagal.a_ (Te.); bagase, bagasige, bogasi, bogase the palms of the hands joined so as to form a cup (Ka.); bagase-gan. an eye like a bagase, a large eye (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) va_kku-k-kan. squint-eye (W.)(Ta.lex.) Pay for a vow: a_n:gon.e-san:gon.e, a_n:gon.sin:gon., a_n:gon., a_n:gon.e vow; a_n:gon. samba_l., a_n:gon. di_ (esp. if something is to be paid) keep, observe vow (Kon.lex.) Food offering in temples: an:ka_l.i Goddess Ka_l.i_, a female deity; an:ka_l.a-te_vi goddess (Paca. Tirumuka. 670); an:ka_l.ammai a goddess (Ta.); an:ka_l.amma id. (Te.); akka_l.i-p-piraca_tam a kind of food offering in temples (S.I.I. iv,83)(Ta.); akka_l.i id.; akka_l.i-man.t.ai big balls of food offered to idols in temples (S.I.I. iv,77); an:kamma_ name of a form of Ka_l.i_ (Ta.); an:kamma id. (Ma.); an:gamma_, an:kal.amma (Te.Ka.); an:katam food of elephants (Paca. Tirumuka. 158)(T.E.D.)

5821.Image: dispute: pake_t.a_ < bakhe_ra_ (U.) wrangling, dispute, quarrel; quarrelsome person (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) va_n:ka_vil rivalry (Ta.lex.)

5822.Image: circular piece: paitu~ circular piece of iron or pot etc. used in games; circular slice of fruit (G.); paito small particle of pulse (N.); paito powdered, mutilated, rotten (Ku.)(CDIAL 8447). cf. pagad.e dice (Ka.lex.)

5823.Document (on stone, metal plate or paper): agha_t. a document (on stone, metal plate, or paper) recording a permanent gift, esp. of land (G.)(CDIAL 99). Written testimony; legal title: a_gama a legal title, a voucher or written testimony; a_gamika the officiating bra_hman.a of a temple; a_gama a traditional doctrine or precept; a tantra or any work inculcating the worship of S'iva and S'akti; knowledge, science, intelligence (Ka.lex.) a_kama-v-al.avai scriptures, one of three sources of knowledge (Kur-al., 37, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) prakat.a manifest (Pa_n..); pa_kat.a, pa_kata wellknown (Pali); pragat.a nikhal- to bring out into the open (NiDoc.); payad.a, payala published, open (Pkt.); payad.u famous, wellknown (OG.); pahal.a, pa_l.a clear, open, wellknown (Si.); pal.a karanava_ to publish (Si.)(CDIAL 8428). pakarttu caus. of pakar to transcribe, copy (Ta.); pakarttuka id. (Ma.); pakarppu copy, as of an original document (Ta.lex.) cf. pirakat.am publicity (Cilap. 19,23, Arum.); that which is evident, clear or manifest (Ta.lex.)

5824.To bring out into the open; writer of a document: pakalam < pa-kalam (U.) term prefixed to the signature of the writer of a document that he is the writer thereof (C.G.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) pahal.a, pa_l.a clear, open, wellknown (Si.); prakat.a manifest (Pa_n..); pa_kata, pa_kat.a well-known (Pali); pragat.a, nikhal- to bring out into the open (NiDoc.); payad.a, payala published, open (Pkt.); payad.u well-known, famous (OG.)(CDIAL 8428). prakat.ana bringing to light (S'a_rn:gP.)(CDIAL 8429). prakaran.a treatise (Gr.S'r.); pakaran.a (Pali); payaran.a (Pkt.); pavurun.aya literary composition (Si.)(CDIAL 8432). Courteous address in a letter: okkan.e, vakkan.e composition, especially of a deed; title, address (Tu.lex.) ?cf. vya_khya_na (Skt.) okkan.e, vakkan.e the title with which any one is honoured at the heading of a letter etc. (Ka.); okkan.a, vakkan.a (Te.); vakkan.ai (Ta.); okkan.isu, vakkan.isu to tell, to say; to relate, to describe (Ka.); okka_n.incu (Te.); cf. va_k (Skt.) (Ka.lex.) vakkan.e (tadbhava of vya_khya_na) explanation, comment; statement; vakkan.isu to explain; to state; vaktr. a speaker; an orator; speaking (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) vargan.a_ multiplication (Skt.)(Skt.lex.) Prologue: pagaran.a, prakaran.a doing much or well; treating, expounding, discussion, explanation; a section, a paragraph; an introduction, a prologue, a prelude; a drama; a poetical fiction or poem (Ka.lex.) Title: vakkan.am < vaggan.a < valgan.a formal portion of a letter or other document; honorific superscription in a letter (Na_mati_pa. 654); vakkan.e id. (Ka.); okkan.e id. (Ka.); vakkan.a id. (Te.); vakkan.ai id.; words of courtesy (Ta_yu. Para_para. 213); flowery or rhetorical speech or statement; skilful talk; vakka_n.ittal to expound in detail (Ta.); vakkan.incu id. (Te.); cf. vya_khya_na (Skt.); vakka_n.am elaboration of a tune (Ta.Ka.); cf. vargan.a_ (Skt.); vakkan.ittal to expound in detail (Me_ruman. 244); vakkan.incu id. (Te.); vakkan.isu id. (Ka.); vakkan.am title; learning, scholarship; civilization, culture, refinement; order; taunt, accusation (Ta.lex.) cf. ba_ka_ abusive language (Ku.)(CDIAL 11468). Announce; prattle: pakar to tell, utter, declare, say, announce, pronounce, publish; pakarcci speech, utterance, word (Ta.); pagat.u announce (Te.)(DEDR 3804). Image: to shout; talk: vya_ha_ra utterance, talk (Skt.) (CDIAL 12217). vya_harati speaks (TBr.); cries (of animals)(S'rS.); vya_hr.ta uttered (VS.); vya_harati talks (Pali); va_harai (Pkt.); va_rn.e~ to cry, shout (M.)(CDIAL 12116). prakat.a manifest (Pa_n..); pra kr.n.o_ti brings to light (RV.); pa_kata, pa_kat.a wellknown (Pali); pragat.a nikhal to bring out into the open (NiDoc.); payad.a, payala published, open (Pkt.); payad.u famous, wellknown (OG.); pahal.a, pa_l.a clear, open, wellknown; pal.a karanava_ to publish (Si.)(CDIAL 8428). pakha_n.a_ proverb (P.); prakhya_na the being known (Pa_n..); information, report (R.); prakhya_ta (MBh.); pakkha_ya celebrated (Pkt.); pakha_n.o proverb (Ku.); pakha_na_ report, story (H.)(CDIAL 8463). cf. negar.. to become manifest, famous, shine (Ka.); niga_su glitter, shining (Tu.); negad.u to be published, well-known or famous (Te.)(DEDR 3659). negar.. to udertake, perform, be finished (Ka.); negad.u to increase, spread, extend, progress (Te.)(DEDR 3661). To hawk, sell: pakartal to tell, utter, declare, say, announce, publish (Na_lat. i,256); to hawk, sell (Cilap. 5,14)(Ta.lex.) To have a title; by the name or title of: veha_na_, veh- to tell (Go.); wehta_na_ to explain, show, announce; vahta_na_ to preach, tell; veh- to tell, describe; vehkanur, vehva_l, vehka-bital a teller; vehc- to state, reply; ve'= to say; vesori_, weser.i_, we_so_r.i_, we_se_ri_ story (Go.); weh'nai to speak, say, tell; veh- (vest-) to say, tell (Kuwi); ba'ana_ (ba_cas) to say, command, invite, allow, name, call, salute as, by the name or title of, pretent, express, as one'w own view or idea, say to onself, reflect, intend; ba_rna_ to be called, termed, have a title (Kur.)(DEDR 5514). cf. a_ku-peyar a name or word, which by long usage is secondarily applied to denote something connected with the thing originally denoted by it (Nan-. 290)(Ta.lex.) Calling: a_hu calling; cry; a_hu_ti calling, summoning; a_hvaya calling (Ka.); a name, an appellation (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) akalavan- bard of the Pa_n.ar caste (Patir-r-up. 43); akaval calling, addressing; high tone, acute accent; rhythm peculiar to akaval metre; one of four chief kinds of metre (Tol. Po. 393); screech of the peacock; akavan-makal female bard of the Pa_n.ar caste (Kur-un. 298); akavar bards who rouse the king from sleep with songs in the morning (Maturaik. 223)(Ta.lex.) akaval screech of a peacock, name of a metre in Tamil; akar-uka, akir-uka to roar, bellow, children to cry; akar-al, akir-al, akir-cca roaring, bellowing (Ma.); akavu to utter a sound as a peacock, sing, dance as a peacock, call, summon (Ta.)(DEDR 10). axna_ (axcas, akkhas) to know, realize, experience, mistake for; axka_, akhka_ knowledge, experience (Kur.); ge (aqqa) to know, understand; gre to get accustomed to (Malt.)(DEDR 17). Description; explanation; honorific superscription in a letter: vakkan.ai formal portion of a letter or other document; honorific superscription in a letter (Na_mati_pa. 654); words of courtesy (Ta_yu. Para_para. 213); flowery or rhetorical speech or statement (Ira_mana_ma. Uyut. 30); vakkan.e (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) vakkan.am title (Ta.); vakkan.a (Te.); okkan.e (Ka.); vaggan.a (Pkt.) < valgan.a (Skt.); vakkan.am learning, scholarship; civilization, culture; refinement; order; taunt, accusation; vakkan.ai words of courtesy (Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

5825.Plebeian; vernacular: pa_gada (Tadbhava of pra_kr.ta); pa_katam pra_kr.t (Te_va_. 858,2); pa_kataccitaivu pra_kr.t words used in Tamil in a modified form (Tirukko_. 53, Urai.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) pra_kr.ta (fr. prakr.ti) original, natural, native, unchanged, unmodified; ordinary, usual, common, uncultivated, unrefined, plebeian, vulgar, low, base; vernacular; any provincial or vernacular dialect akin to sam.skr.ta (pra_kr.tih- sam.skr.tam tatra bhavam tata a_gatam ca pra_kr.tam : Hemachandra), especially spoken by the female characters and the inferior personages of plays (Skt.Ka.lex.) hagaran.a, agaran.e, an:garan.e, an:gra_n.i, hagaran.e, han:garan.e vain talk, chatter, babble; hagaran.aga_ti a female chatter-box; hagaran.aga_r-a a male chatter-box; hagaran.iga a babbler etc. (Ka.lex.) pra_kpada a preceding word, the first member of a compound (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) pra_ktana former, previous, antecedent; old, ancient, early (Skt.lex.) prakr.ti the subjects (of a king); an artisan; the natural condition or state of anything, natural form (opp. to vikr.ti which is a change or effect)(Skt.lex.) prakr.ti cause, source, nature (Mn.); pakati original nature (Pali); pakiti rule, standard (As'.); pai_i-, pagai-, payad.i nature (Pkt.); piyavi natural shape (Si.)(CDIAL 8446). prakat.a manifest (Pa_n..); pra kr.n.o_ti brings to light (RV.); pa_kata, pa_kat.a wellknown (Pali); pagat.a nikhal to bring out into the open (NiDoc.); payad.a, payala published, open (Pkt.); payad.u famous, well known (OG.); pahal.a, pa_l.a clear, open, wellknown (Si.); pal.a karanava_ to publish (Si.)(CDIAL 8428). pa_li a division of the ve_da (Ka.lex.) pa_li an ancient Indian language, sacred to Buddhists (Ta.lex.) "... for about two centuries (both before the Buddha's birth and after his death), the paramount power in India was Kosala-- a kingdom stretching from Nepal on the North to the Ganges on the South, and from the Ganges on the West to the territories of the Vajjian confederacy on the East. In this, the most powerful kingdom in India; there had naturally arisen a standard vernacular differing from the local forms of speech... The Pali of the canonical books is based on that standard Kosala vernacular spoken in the 6th and 7th centuries